296
Sociology of Sport Journal, 2009, 26, 296-319
© 2009 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Spectacle, Distance, and Threat:
Attendance and Integration of Major
League Baseball, 1930–1961
R. Saylor Breckenridge
Wake Forest University
Pat Rubio Goldsmith
University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee
We examine the effect of the visibility of African American, Latino, and Jewish base-
ball players on attendance at Major League Baseball games between 1930 and 1961.
We invoke the sociological concepts of “social distance,” “spectacle,” and “group
threat” and incorporate data focusing on the era of integration to expand on previous
research in this arena. Notably, African American and Latino player visibility—but
not that of other groups—is revealed to increase attendance at games. This effect
weakens for losing teams and in cities with relatively larger minority populations. The
fndings suggest a synthesis of theories is possible.
Nous examinons les effets sur l’assistance de la visibilité des joueurs de baseball afro-
américains, latinos et juifs dans les parties de la Ligue majeure de baseball entre 1930
et 1961. Nous invoquons les concepts sociologiques de « distance sociale », de « spec-
tacle » et de « menace au groupe » et nous incorporons des données centrées sur l’ère
de l’intégration pour ajouter à la recherche antérieure sur ce sujet. Notamment, il se
révèle que la visibilité des joueurs afro-américains et latinos (mais pas celle des autres
groupes) est associée à une augmentation de l’assistance aux parties. Cet effet diminue
quant il s’agit d’équipes perdantes et des villes qui ont des populations minoritaires
relativement plus importantes. Les résultats suggèrent qu’une synthèse des théories
est possible.
This research reveals patterns in the relationship between the racial-ethnic
composition of men’s sports teams and game attendance by examining how the
integration of African Americans, Latinos, and Jews affected attendance at Major
League Baseball (MLB) games between 1930 and 1961. Existing research exam-
ining the relationship between attendance and sports teams’ racial composition is
Breckenridge is with Wake Forest University, P.O. Box 7808—Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, NC
27109, breckers@wfu.edu; Goldsmith is with the Department of Sociology, Bolton Hall 716,
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee WI 53201-0413, goldsmith@uvm.
edu.