Influence of Non-Plastic Fines on Laboratory Shear Wave Velocity
Measurements and Cyclic Resistance
Lalita G. Oka, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE
1
; and Mandar M. Dewoolkar, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE
2
1
Dept. of Civil and Geomatics Engineering, California State Univ., Fresno, 2320 E. San Ramon
Ave, M/S EE94, Fresno, CA 93740. E-mail: loka@csufresno.edu
2
School of Engineering, Univ. of Vermont, 213 Votey Hall, 33 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT
05405. E-mail: mdewoolk@uvm.edu
Abstract
Most foundation design projects in seismically active regions include liquefaction potential
evaluations at least to screen sites that are potentially susceptible to liquefaction. The existing
guidelines based on the simplified procedure or the cyclic stress method for such screening
procedure is based on field correlation that uses either field penetration resistance from standard
penetration test and cone penetration test or shear wave velocity (V
s
) measurements. Fines
correction factor is one of the corrections that is routinely applied to these field measurements to
estimate cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) of the foundation soil. However, soils containing fines,
especially non-plastic fines, have been reported liquefied. A laboratory investigation was carried
out to examine the effects of non-plastic fines on shear wave velocity measurements and
undrained cyclic strength of a sand with varying percentages of non-plastic fines. Top and
bottom platens of a triaxial cell were equipped with bender elements to facilitate shear wave
velocity measurements on the same specimen that was tested cyclically. In general, V
s
and CRR
decreased as fines content increased in comparison to the host sand. The results do not quite
support the present form of fines correction in the V
s
-based simplified procedure.
Keywords: Liquefaction; Cyclic resistance; Shear wave velocity; Fines content; Fines
correction; Cyclic stress method; Simplified procedure
INTRODUCTION
Potential liquefaction of foundation soils can be dangerous to the structures supported by the
foundations and can cause loss of life and property. Liquefaction potential evaluation of
potentially liquefiable soils throughout the world in seismically prone regions is often performed
using the ‘simplified procedure’, originally proposed by Seed and Idriss (1971) and Whitman
(1971) and later updated by Youd et al. (2001). These guidelines consist of empirical correlations
between the field measurements such as SPT blow count (N), or cone tip resistance (q
c
), or shear
IFCEE 2018 GSP 295 309
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