Pierre Thomas Hurtaut and P. N. Magny, Dictionnaire historique de Paris, 4 vols (Paris: 1 Moutard, 1779), IV, 417–18. Clémandot’s account book lists both members of the confraternity and members of his lodge: 2 Paris, Archives de Paris, D5 B6 472. He is listed in Alain Le Bihan, Francs-maçons parisiens du Grand Orient de France ( fin du XVIII siècle) (Paris: Bibliothèque nationale, 1966), p. 129. On the e meetings of the Grande Loge, see Alain Le Bihan, Francs-maçons et ateliers parisiens de la Grande Loge de France au XVIII siècle (Paris: Bibliothèque nationale, 1973), pp. 40–41. e FROM R ELIGIOUS TO S ECULAR S OCIABILITY: CONFRATERNITIES AND FREEMASONRY IN E IGHTEENTH-CENTURY PARIS David Garrioch O verlooking one of the intersections in north-central Paris, until the French Revolution, stood a statue of Our Lady of La Carole. It was one of those miraculous statues that had bled when attacked by a heretic, in this case a Swiss soldier. And every year on 3 July, right up to 1790, this miracle was commemorated by a somewhat unruly crowd that promenaded a straw effigy of the Swiss soldier, the larger the better, before incinerating it in the middle of the street in front of the statue. 1 This celebration appears to have been organized by a confraternity, possibly the one that in 1776 was led by an innkeeper named Philippe Clémandot. What is inter- esting about Clémandot is that he was also a freemason. From 1774 to 1777 he is listed as a member of a lodge affiliated with the Grand Orient of France, les Vrais Amis (‘the True Friends’), and one other member of the same lodge may also have belonged to the confraternity. Others of his family were also associated with freema- sonry, since some fifteen years earlier the Grande Loge de France had held several meetings in a wineshop run by the Widow Clémandot, probably Philippe’s mother. 2