International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-10, August 2019 2964 Retrieval Number J11280881019/2019©BEIESP DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.J1128.0881019 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Measurement of Bone Density Parameters using Ultrasound and Hardware Development on bone Density Measurement Kunal Khosla, Apurva Naik Abstract: Ultrasound waves due to their inherent small wave- length can be used in diagnosis or evaluation of tissue. Ultrasound simulations can be useful to investigate and analyze different properties at different sites especially when there is no volumetric data available. In the proposed paper, simulation of ultrasound in a 2-D bone model and hardware implementation has been presented. Due to complex structures of bone, a simple linear model consisting of both cortical and cancellous bone has been proposed. In the simulation, a broadband emitter with center frequency of 1 Megahertz is used along with an array of receivers to capture the signal. An attempt has been made to calculate bone density parameters in-vivo for human feet, and finally display the computed parameters onto a LCD using Arduino Uno Board. An algorithm involving fourier transforms was used to calculate Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation (BUA) and Speed of Sound (SoS) in Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB). Keywords: Broadband ultrasound attenuation, speed of sound, simsonic, matrix laboratory, osteoporosis, osteopenia, quantitative ultrasound. I. INTRODUCTION Use of ultrasound frequencies has the diagnostic capabilities of tissue monitoring, because it can penetrate the bulk, due to its small wavelength. Its diagnostic capabilities include Non- Destructive testing (NDT), tissue healing and foetal health monitoring. There are many commercial devices available in the market which can be used to measure T-Score and Z- Score, like the Mini Omni Portable bone density device by Beamed which applies the probe onto the tibia and wrist and the Sonost-2000 by osteosys which is heel densitometer. Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scan which is considered a gold standard in bone density measurement, mea- sures bone density at various sites, including the hip, vertebrae etc. Quantitative Computed tomography (QCT) utilizes X-rays at various angles to take measurements and produce images which are finally stitched together to give you a final image. It is used in assessment of risk of fractures. Biot’s theory derives the equations of wave propagation in porous media. The idea of Biot’s theory was that the outcome of an incident sound wave onto a porous solid was a fast, slow wave along with a shear wave [3], [4]. Some success has been achieved in modelling sound waves in cancellous Revised Manuscript Received on August 10, 2019 Kunal Khosla, Department of Technology, from MIT World Peace University, Dr. Apurva Naik, Department of Technology Electronics from Shivaji University, Kolhapur bone using different forms of biot’s theory. Except frequencies greater than 1 MHz, biot’s theory should be applicable as the wavelengths of the order of 1.5 mm at 1 M Hz are larger than the pore size in bones [5, p. 3286]. A. Bone Models and their material constants The densities [1, p. 195] and elastic constants [1, p. 195] can be used as inputs for building nominal bone models [1, p. 195]. The constants for cortical bone used here were homogenized (average properties of hard tissue and pores [1,p. 194]) and transversely anisotropic. The values of density and elastic constants C 11 , C 22 , C 12 and C 66 for cortical has been taken from [1, p. 195]. Osteoporotic bones were simulated by reducing the thickness of the cortical bone and changing the densities and elastic constants of the trabecular bone [1,p. 218]. The cortical bone was considered to be perfectly linear in shape, disregarding any curvature which can be responsible for change in BUA values. For cancellous bone, the data has been taken from [2, p. 667]. 1.6 g/cm 3 and 1.85 g/cm 3 , are assumed to be densities of an osteoporotic and normal subject respectively. Elastic constants C 22 , C 66 and C 12 were derived from C 11 and C 44 using Lame parameters μ , λ and equations 1 and 2. The data for density is inconsistent as cortical and cancellous bone density cannot be same because cortical bone is more dense, however the density for osteoporotic subjects is lower than normal, which has been included in these models and one can observe the changes in attenuation values. C 11 = C 22 = λ + 2μ (1) C 44 = μ (2) For example, the 2-D plate bone model for an osteoporotic subject has been shown in “Fig. 1”. B. Simulation Components To study the nature of bone, a 2-D plate model with cortical and cancellous bone both were drawn. This model can be used to assess the mechanical properties for osteoporotic or normal conditions at different bone sites. In this Simulation,