0896-2960/18/$35.00 © 2018 by Begell House, Inc. www.begellhouse.com 77
Critical Reviews™ in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 30(1):77–92 (2018)
Content Comparison among Commonly
Used Self-Reported Fatigue Instruments
in Post-Polio Syndrome
Surajo Kamilu Sulaiman,* Marcia Finlayson, Kathleen Norman,
Heather Michelle Aldersey, & Vincent G. DePaul
School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Louise D. Acton Building, 31 George Street, Queen’s University,
Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
*Address all correspondence to: Surajo Kamilu Sulaiman, PhD Candidate, School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Louise D.
Acton Building, 31 George Street, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada. Tel.613-539-6940.e-mail:
surajo.sulaiman@queensu.ca. Twitter:@sks4rufy
ABSTRACT: Various self-reported fatigue instruments are commonly used to assess fatigue
in post-polio syndrome. It is unclear whether these instruments are conceptually multidi-
mensional based on the biopsychosocial model of disability. In this review, we identify the
commonly used fatigue instruments in post-polio syndrome and analyze their contents based
on the International Classifcation of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). A literature
search was conducted to identify commonly used fatigue instruments in post-polio syndrome.
Items from the instruments were extracted, and concepts therein were identifed and linked to
the ICF categories based on the standardized ICF linking rules. Content density, content diver-
sity, and measure of ICF linkage were analyzed for these instruments. Our fndings revealed
that the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the Modifed Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), and the
Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) are the most commonly used fatigue instruments
in post-polio syndrome. The FSS, MFIS, and MFI have a content densities of 2.2, 1.6 and 1.3,
respectively; content diversities of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.5, respectively; and ICF linkages of 90%,
85%, and 85%, respectively. The FSS, MFIS, and MFI are generally consistent with the ICF
domains of body function, activities, and participation. The FSS assesses mainly physical and
mental fatigue, whereas the MFIS and MFI mainly assess the dimension of mental fatigue.
Therefore, these scales cannot be used interchangeably.
Key woRdS: fatigue, post-polio syndrome, ICF, content analysis
ABBReVIATIoNS: FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; ICF, International Classifcation of Functioning,
Disability, and Health; MC, meaningful concept; MFIS, Modifed Fatigue Impact Scale; MFI,
Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; MSQLI, Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory; PSI, Person
Separation Index; wHo, World Health Organization
I. INTRODUCTION
Post-polio syndrome is a common disabling disorder among polio survivors.
1,2
It is
characterized by late-onset neuromuscular symptoms and decreased functional abil-
ity, often decades following primary polio infection. The classic symptoms of post-
polio syndrome include fatigue, increased muscle weakness, muscle ache, joint pain,