Open Access Library Journal
2022, Volume 9, e9582
ISSN Online: 2333-9721
ISSN Print: 2333-9705
DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1109582 Dec. 30, 2022 1 Open Access Library Journal
Long-Term Assessment of the Spatial Temporal
Trends in Selected Cloud Physical Properties
over the Three Distinct Sites in Kenya
Sostine N. Makokha
1
, John W. Makokha
1
, Festus B. Kelonye
2
1
Department of Science, Technology and Engineering, Kibabii University, Bungoma, Kenya
2
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Kibabii University, Bungoma, Kenya
Abstract
The presence of clouds in the Earth’s atmosphere plays a pivotal role in regu-
lating the Earth’s energy budget. Increased anthropogenic activities and emis-
sions can significantly lead to changes in cloud composition and cloud struc-
ture affecting the clouds physical characteristics, hence causing alterations in
the climatic conditions over Kenya. Given this, the present study examined
the spatial temporal physical properties of clouds over three study sites, by
paying a special consideration on cloud parameters, such as: Cloud Effective
Radius (CER), Cloud Top Pressure (CTP), Cloud Top Temperature (CTT) and
the Cloud Fraction (CF). These cloud parameters were retrieved from the
MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor and the
Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2
(MERRA-2) model between January 2005 and December 2020. The data re-
trieved on clouds physical properties was utilized to estimate the trends and
spatial variations and assess their statistical significance on climate over the
study domain. The Spatial patterns of seasonal mean of cloud parameters from
the sensors and the model were generally characterized with positive and
negative trends over Kenya observed during the four seasons. Trends in CER
were found as follows: Nairobi (0.04, 0, -0.04 and -0.01) for the four seasons
respectively, Malindi (0.04, 0.01, 0.04 and 0.01) and lastly Mbita (-0.06,
-0.06, 0.04 and -0.05); for CTT, Nairobi, -0.1, -0.2, -0.1 and -0.2, Malindi,
0.1, -0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 and Mbita, 0.2, 0.2, -0.2 and 0.15 respectively for every
season. Trends in CTP were observed to vary seasonally as follows: Nairobi
-0.5, -1, 0.5 and -0.5, Malindi -0.5, -3, 1, and 0.5 and lastly Mbita 0.5, 0, -1
and -1 respectively. And finally, the spatial trends in CF observed over the
four seasons over the study domains were obtained a follows: Nairobi (0.3, 0,
-0.002 and 0), Malindi (0.3, 0.002, 0 and 0.001) and lastly for Mbita (0.3,
How to cite this paper: Makokha, S.N.,
Makokha, J.W. and Kelonye, F.B. (2022)
Long-Term Assessment of the Spatial Tem-
poral Trends in Selected Cloud Physical
Properties over the Three Distinct Sites in
Kenya. Open Access Library Journal, 9: e9582.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109582
Received: November 17, 2022
Accepted: December 27, 2022
Published: December 30, 2022
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Open
Access Library Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access