Design, Synthesis, and Optimization of Silver Nanoparticles Using an Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Leaf Extract and Its Antibacterial Application Rohankumar R. Chavan 1 , Mangesh A. Bhutkar 2 , Somnath D. Bhinge 3 1 Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, India 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, India 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, India Corresponding author. E-mail: rohankumar3102@gmail.com Received: Nov. 28, 2022; Revised: Jan. 13, 2023; Accepted: Mar. 27, 2023 Citation: R.R. Chavan, M.A. Bhutkar, S.D. Bhinge. Design, synthesis, and optimization of silver nanoparticles using an Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. leaf extract and its antibacterial application. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2023, 15(3): 239−252. http://doi.org/10.26599/NBE.2023.9290011 Abstract In this study, the synthesis of nanoparticles and their biological evaluation were carried out. A green synthetic approach synthesized silver nanoparticles (AHAgNPs) using an Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf extract. Parameter optimization was performed using Design Expert Ver. 13. The effects of variables like the concentration on the response, particle size, and entrapment efficiency of synthesized AHAgNPs were monitored via analysis of variance. The optimized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the size and shape of nanoparticles. In vitro, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential were determined using standard protocols. The optimized nanoparticles were spherical, with an average 100–110 nm particle diameter. The synthesized nanoparticles showed effective antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. In addition, AHAgNPs showed increased biological activities. Keywords: antimicrobial; antioxidant; green synthesis; optimization; silver nanoparticles Introduction Nanotechnology involves the modulation of materials at the atomic level, preferably 1–100 nm, by combining physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Because of its increased physical, chemical, and optical properties, converting metals to their nano size is becoming increasingly important [1, 2]. Metal nanoparticles (NPs) with the desired properties are now being created using various physical and chemical techniques that have been thoroughly studied [3, 4]. However, these production techniques suffer from several drawbacks, as they are time-consuming, expensive, and possibly harmful to the environment and living things [5, 6]. Therefore, there is a clear need for a different, secure, economical, and ecologically responsible way to produce nanoparticles [7, 8]. Inorganic metal ions can be converted into metal NPs by a variety of biocompatible and environmentally acceptable components such as plants, algae [9, 10], and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and yeast) [11–13]. Plant metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, and saponins are primarily involved in Nano Biomed. Eng., 2023, 15(3) 239 Research Article Nano Biomed Eng https://www.sciopen.com/journal/2150-5578