The International Journal of Prosthodontics 784
FUNDAMENTAL
RESEARCH
A
dditive manufacturing (AM) was originally introduced in the 1980s as rapid
prototyping and has developed dramatically over the past decades. It has found
its way into a variety of industrial branches, including the medical sector.
1
In
dentistry, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is a well-established technology. It
is often equated with subtractive manufacturing methods,
2
but AM is said to yield
many advantages compared to subtractive methods: several objects can be printed
simultaneously, there is less waste of material, and even the fnest details can be re-
produced. In addition, production takes place passively without application of force,
unlike the subtractive method, in which burs suffer from wear.
3
AM is being used for
a wide range of different applications in dentistry, including surgical
4
as well as end-
odontic
5
guides, occlusal devices,
6,7
dental models,
8
replicas for educational use,
9,10
and even maxillofacial prostheses.
11
There are also restorative materials certifed for
temporary intraoral use available on the market.
12
Correspondence to:
Johannes Mayer
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry,
University Hospital, LMU Munich
Goethestrasse 70
80336 Munich, Germany
+4917634496272
Email: johannes_mayer@live.de
Submitted April 3, 2020;
accepted February 3, 2021.
©2021 by Quintessence
Publishing Co Inc.
Purpose: To investigate the infuence of different cleaning methods for additively manufactured fxed
dental prostheses (FDPs) for long-term temporary use on the degree of conversion (DC), surface roughness,
Martens parameters, and biaxial fexural strength. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 specimens
per material (3Delta Etemp; Freeprint; Temp PRINT; C&B; and C&B Micro Filled Hybrid) were additively
manufactured (D20II) and subsequently cleaned by different methods: by rinsing for 5 minutes in 99.5%
acetone; 100% butyl glycol; 96% ethanol; 100% isopropanol; Yellow Magic 7; or by applying centrifugal
force for 4 minutes (n = 30 per subgroup). After postpolymerization (Otofash G171, NK-Optik), the DC
was measured using Raman spectroscopy, and the surface roughness, as well as the Martens parameters,
were recorded. Biaxial fexural strength was investigated after artifcial aging (thermocycling for 10,000
cycles). Data were statistically analyzed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests,
and Pearson correlation coeffcient). Results: The highest DC was recorded after the use of butyl glycol or
isopropyl (P < .001 to P = .047). The highest surface roughness was measured after the use of butyl glycol
(P < .001 to P = .024). The use of centrifugal force or Yellow Magic resulted in the highest Martens parameter
values (P < .001 to P = .036) and the highest biaxial fexural strength (P < .001 to P = .013), while acetone and
butyl glycol led to the lowest values. Conclusion: The use of centrifugal force and Yellow Magic resulted in
the highest Martens parameter values and the highest biaxial fexural strength. Concerning Yellow Magic, no
negative effect on the mechanical properties was observed. The 3Delta Etemp material especially was prone
to degradation after chemical cleaning. Int J Prosthodont 2021;34:784–795. doi: 10.11607/ijp.7048
Temporary 3D-Printed Fixed Dental
Prosthesis Materials: Impact of Postprinting
Cleaning Methods on Degree of Conversion
and Surface and Mechanical Properties
Johannes Mayer, DDS
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich,
Munich, Germany.
Marcel Reymus, PD Dr
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian
University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Felicitas Mayinger, PD Dr
Daniel Edelhoff, Prof Dr
Reinhard Hickel, Prof Dr
Bogna Stawarczyk, Prof Dr Dipl Ing (FH), MSc
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich,
Munich, Germany.
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