Research Article
The Assessment of the Supply of Calcium and Vitamin D in the
Diet of Women Regularly Practicing Sport
Michal Wrzosek ,
1
Jakub Wo´ zniak ,
1
Dorota Koziol-Kaczorek,
2
and Dariusz Wlodarek
1
1
Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences,
Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS–SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
2
Departments of Agricultural Economics and International Economic Relations, Faculty of Economic Sciences,
Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS–SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
Correspondence should be addressed to Michał Wrzosek; michal@dietetyksportowy.com
Received 21 May 2019; Revised 20 July 2019; Accepted 15 October 2019; Published 4 November 2019
Academic Editor: Georgios Lyritis
Copyright © 2019 Michał Wrzosek et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
Introduction. e appropriate intake of calcium and vitamin D in women’s diet is significant for a proper maintenance of the
skeletal system. Research Aim. e aim of the research was to assess the calcium and vitamin D supply in a diet among women
regularly practicing sport. Methodology. e research was completed by 593 women at the age of 18–50 (median 25) who played
sports regularly (at least 2 times a week). To assess the calcium and vitamin D intake, short Food Frequency Questionnaires for
calcium and vitamin D (VIDEO-FFQ) were used. e examined group was provided with the questionnaires via social media. To
assess intake levels, the authors applied the group-based cutoff point method (calcium norm was EAR 800 mg/day; vitamin D
norm was AI 15 μg/day). Results. e median of calcium and vitamin D intake in a diet was 502 mg/day and 5.2 μg/day, re-
spectively (Q25 and Q75 for calcium was 387 mg/day and 627 mg/day, respectively, and for vitamin D was 3.4 μg/day and 8.2 μg/
day, respectively). In relation to the EAR norm for calcium and AI norm for vitamin D, 92.0% of the examined participants in a
group demonstrated lower than recommended calcium intake levels and 97.3% showed lower than recommended vitamin D
intake levels. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation was used by 13.1% (in this subgroup, 11.5% of the examined group
members did not need it) and 56.8% of the examined women (in this subgroup, 2.4% of the examined group did not need it),
respectively. After including the calcium and vitamin D intake, the supply median for the whole group was 535 mg/day and
28.8 μg/day, respectively (Q25 and Q75 for calcium was 402mg/day and 671 mg/day, and for vitamin D was 6.3 µg/day and
55.7 μg/day, respectively); 87.5% of the examined participants did not meet the EAR norms for calcium and 42.0% did not meet
the AI norm for vitamin D. Among the women supplementing calcium, 58.9% did not reach the reference intake value; however,
all women supplementing vitamin D fulfilled the expected nutritional need. Conclusions. It is important to educate women about
the necessity to provide the body with proper calcium and vitamin D intake levels in a diet in order to avoid health problems
resulting from the deficit of the nutrients.
1. Introduction
e dynamic of bone tissue metabolism undergoes many
changes with age. ere is a constant increase of bone
mineral density (BMD) when one is at a young age, and it
lasts until the third decade of life when the osteoblastic
processes are inhibited. Although the structural modelling of
bones is the most optimal during puberty, this process
continues, albeit to a smaller extent, when the body reaches
maturity. Over the age of 30, the bone-forming processes are
recurrent and are strictly dependent on the external factors,
including increased physical activity. e peak bone mass
gained between the age of 25 and 35 decreases over time
[1, 2]. It is estimated that the loss of bone mineral density
proceeds at a pace of 1% per year and escalates amongst
postmenopausal women [3]. When intensified, osteoclastic
Hindawi
Journal of Osteoporosis
Volume 2019, Article ID 9214926, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9214926