Citation: Reza, M.S.; Baktybaevna, I.Z.; Afroze, S.; Kuterbekov, K.; Kabyshev, A.; Bekmyrza, K.Z.; Kubenova, M.M.; Bakar, M.S.A.; Azad, A.K.; Roy, H.; et al. Influence of Catalyst on the Yield and Quality of Bio-Oil for the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass: A Comprehensive Review. Energies 2023, 16, 5547. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145547 Academic Editors: Venko N. Beschkov and Albert Ratner Received: 24 May 2023 Revised: 17 July 2023 Accepted: 20 July 2023 Published: 22 July 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). energies Review Influence of Catalyst on the Yield and Quality of Bio-Oil for the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass: A Comprehensive Review Md Sumon Reza 1,2, * , Iskakova Zhanar Baktybaevna 1 , Shammya Afroze 3 , Kairat Kuterbekov 3 , Asset Kabyshev 3, *, Kenzhebatyr Zh. Bekmyrza 3 , Marzhan M. Kubenova 4 , Muhammad Saifullah Abu Bakar 2 , Abul K. Azad 2 , Hridoy Roy 5 and Md Shahinoor Islam 5,6, * 1 Research Institute of New Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; zhanariskakova@mail.ru 2 Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei; saifullah.bakar@ubd.edu.bn (M.S.A.B.); abul.azad@ubd.edu.bn (A.K.A.) 3 Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; shammya111@gmail.com (S.A.); kuterbekov_ka@enu.kz (K.K.); bekmyrza_kzh@enu.kz (K.Z.B.) 4 Faculty of Transport and Energy, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; kubenova_mm_1@enu.kz 5 Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; hridoyroy@che.buet.ac.bd 6 Department of Textile Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh * Correspondence: sumonce@gmail.com (M.S.R.); kabyshev_am_1@enu.kz (A.K.); shahinoorislam@che.buet.ac.bd (M.S.I.) Abstract: In the modern world, as the population rises and fossil fuel supplies decline, energy demands continue to rise. Moreover, the use of fossil fuels harms the ecology, contributing to pollution and global warming. In order to overcome these difficulties, several approaches are revealed, such as the utilization of biomass as a renewable source of energy. Studies revealed that biomass can be converted into bioenergy via several thermal conversion processes, like pyrolysis, gasification, and torrefaction. Pyrolysis is the most convenient process to obtain three different types of biofuels (biochar as a solid, bio-oil as a liquid, and syngas as a gas). The biofuels produced in this process are normally lower in quality and cannot be used directly as fuel because they contain many undesirable components. Catalytic pyrolysis is one of the best processes to upgrade the quality of biofuels. Several varieties of catalysts are used in the catalytic pyrolysis process (ex situ and in situ). Due to stable operating conditions, both catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis procedures produce biochar that has a consistent output. Meanwhile, the effects of catalysts in the catalytic pyrolysis process considerably enhance the quality and quantity of bio-oils and syngas. By removing the unwanted oxygenated and nitrogenous components, the bio-oils produced through the catalytic pyrolysis method have a higher calorific value, reduced viscosity, and improved stability. Many researchers have looked at ways to increase the rate of pyrolysis, whereas a few have focused on maximizing the effects of the factors in order to improve the efficiency of catalytic pyrolysis. This review addresses the impact of catalysts on the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass to enhance the quality of the bio-oils in great detail. Machine learning and techno-economic analysis were investigated, as well as the future potential of the catalytic pyrolysis method for the generation of bio-oil. Keywords: biomass; catalysts; catalytic pyrolysis; bio-oil; machine learning; techno-economic analysis 1. Introduction One of the most important resources for people is energy, which forges a close connec- tion between nature and life. Energy needs are growing daily since there are no alternatives for them in the social and economic growth of a nation [1–3]. The primary energy source is the combustion of fossil fuels, which increases emissions of greenhouse gases, mostly Energies 2023, 16, 5547. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145547 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies