101 Incidence of Human Leptospirosis among Scrub Typhus and Chikungunya Negative Children in West Bengal, India, 2022 Short Communication SVOA Paediatrics Introduction One of the most prevalent, feared and ignored spirochaetal zoonotic infections worldwide continues to be leptospirosis resulting from the harmful bacterium Leptospira [1,6]. By excreting bacteria through their urine, animals with Leptospira infections contaminate the environment and contribute to the spread of leptospirosis [4,6]. It is currently restricted to underdeveloped regions of the world, with sporadic reports coming from industrialised nations [1,5,6]. Leptospirosis incidence fluctuates across time and place and is highly correlated with regional socioeconomic, ecological, and environ- mental factors [7,8,9]. In tropical, humid, and temperate locations, particularly during the rainy seasons, including urban, semi-urban and rural areas, a higher incidence is seen [10,11]. It has historically been linked to specific socioeconomic or environmental conditions that favour infectivity in animal vectors and human exposure. Leptospirosis is prevalent in many Asian countries, although under reporting makes it difficult to gauge the true incidence of the disease. The first case of leptospirosis from India was reported in 1929 from Andaman and Nicobar Islands (19). Although numerous epi- demics recorded in recent years but the paediatric cases are extremely rare [2]. The neglected leptospirosis is a serious health issue in India that is unquestionably linked to the both monsoons and unsanitary circumstances [18]. The neigh- bouring countries of Bangladesh and Nepal, where the illness also experience environmental factors and poor sanitary circumstances, with the extra burden of overcrowding. Our study's goal was to determine the incidence of human lepto- spirosis among febrile patients who were admitted for being suspected of having scrub typhus/chikungunya infection, if any. This is the first hospital-based study that attempted to explore the seroprevalence, disease manifestations, and prev- alence of leptospirosis among patients who tested negative for scrub typhus and chikungunya infection in a medical set- ting. Materials and Methods Study Details and Inclusion Criteria: The study was conducted in Virus Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, R. G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, India, during January 2022- June 2022 (located at 22082'N, 88080'E) (Figure: 1). 1 Virus Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, R. G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, India. 2 Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea. 3 Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. *Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Reena Ray Ghosh, Department of Microbiology, R. G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, 1 K. B. Sarani, Kolkata, India-700004.Telephone: +9133-25304557 Received: August 12, 2022 Published: August 26, 2022 SVOA Paediatrics ISSN:2755-1660 Rajendra Prasad Chatterjee 1 , Subhendu Sikdar 1 , Shilpa Chatterjee 2 , Manjusa Chowdhury 1 , Biswajit Das 3 and Reena Ray Ghosh 1 * Abstract Leptospirosis caused by the bacterium Leptospira, has been classified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a ne- glected tropical disease with worldwide significance. Leptospirosis in endemic places affects adults more frequently and severely than it affects children. There is a lack of data specifically focusing on children, and it is yet unknown why this discrepancy exists. As the majority of human leptospiral infections are mild or asymptomatic in endemic areas, goal of our study was to describe the prevalence of the Leptospira disease spectrum and the variations in clinical manifestations among patients admitted for febrile illness in a tertiary care facility. Keywords: Chikungunya, Children, Human Leptospirosis, India, Kolkata, Scrub Typhus