Advances in Nano Research, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2021) 327-337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2021.10.4.327 Copyright © 2021 Techno-Press, Ltd. http://www.techno-press.org/?journal=journal=anr&subpage=5 ISSN: 2287-237X (Print), 2287-2388 (Online) 1. Introduction In the last four decades, the use of composite structures in the aerospace and aviation industries have become more widespread (Hejri et al. 2020). The properties of composite materials are comparable to those of metallic coatings and metals (Nejadi and Mohammadimehr 2020). Composites are so efficient that they are used in aircraft and spacecraft components (Tayeb et al. 2020). From hot air balloons and unmanned aerial vehicles to passenger and warplanes and space shuttles, all benefit from the composites (Shahsavari et al. 2019). Therefore, the use of composite structures in the aerospace industry from 2005 to 2020 has grown more than 400% (Ahmed et al. 2014). Composites are among the most widely used products in structural components and aircraft parts because of their high strength, little specific gravity, abrasion resistance. Researchers have long sought to reduce the weight of aircraft to prevent crashes, and they have always sought to reduce the ratio of thrust to weight to reduce the risk of crashing (Mehar and Panda 2019). Composite structures are utilized in numerous industries such as aerospace industries. The use of new technology in the production of innovative ideas and products has accelerated with the achievement of the basic structure on a nanoscale (Farazin et al. 2019, 2020). Today, metals and other materials are used to help humans to improve their quality of life. Today, due to the significant advances in the use of composite materials, the current time can be called the composite era. Types of composite materials have been examined for many years for significant industries such as *Corresponding author, Professor, E-mail: aghorban@kashanu.ac.ir aerospace applications (Arani et al. 2019, Ghorbanpour Arani and Soleymani 2019, Soleymani and Arani 2019, AkhavanAlavi et al. 2019). Many polymers are reinforced with various nanomaterials to develop and enhance their attributes in addition to enhance their applications (Anvari et al. 2020, Mohammadimehr et al. 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018a). Examining nanotechnology, many nanomaterials are used as nanofillers to make nanocomposite. Polymers are used as a matrix in composites, and they are separated into three types using the size of the fillers as reinforcement in the composite structures (Arefi et al. 2018). Type 1: when a two-dimensional material that is the same as the sheet structure is used as a nanofiller such as graphene platelets (GPLs) (Arshid et al. 2020, Rajabi and Mohammadimehr 2019). In two-dimensional fillers, one of its dimensions is at the nanoscale and the other is at the microscale (Ghorbanpour Arani et al. 2018). Type 2: in these structures, two dimensions are at the nanoscale and another dimension is at the microscale, thus these structures become a one-dimensional material (Mohammadimehr et al. 2018b). These are cylinders such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanofibers (Ghorbanpour Arani et al. 2016, Navi et al. 2019). They are very useful for improving polymer resistance (Ghasemi et al. 2019). Type 3: in these structures, three dimensions are at the nanoscale, thus, they are the zero-dimensional material. Also, they are like quantum dot particles (QD), quantum clusters (QC), and so on. Also, anchor polymer has excellent thermal and physical properties because of its high level of composition per unit volume. Babaeeian and Mohammadimehr (2020) investigated the time elapsed effect on residual stress measurement in a composite plate by DIC method. Moreover, the relationship between anchor polymer (matrix) and fillers is defined as follows (Fu et al. 2019) The effect of nanoparticles on enhancement of the specific mechanical properties of the composite structures: A review research Ali Ghorbanpour Arani *1,2 , Ashkan Farazin 1 and Mehdi Mohammadimehr 1 1 Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran 2 Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, Kashan 87317-53153, Iran (Received August 27, 2020, Revised November 21, 2020, Accepted January 2, 2021) Abstract. In this review, composite structures are used for many industries for at least four decades. Polymeric composites are one of the important structures in the aerospace and aviation industry because of their high strength and low weight. In this comprehensive review, mechanical behaviors, physical and mechanical properties of polymeric composites, different types of reinforcements, different methods to fabricate polymeric composites, historical structural composite materials for aviation and aerospace industries, and also different methods for the characterization are reported. How to use various methods of composite preparation using different nanofillers as reinforcements and its effect on the physical properties and mechanical behavior of composites are discussed as well. Keywords: aerospace industry; reinforcement; composites structures; mechanical behavior; physical properties 327