International Journal of Primatology, Vol. 26, No. 2, April 2005 ( C  2005) DOI: 10.1007/s10764-005-2934-9 Noninvasive Monitoring of the Health of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in the Kibale National Park, Uganda Sabrina Krief, 1,7 Michael A. Huffman, 2 Thierry S ´ evenet, 3 Jacques Guillot, 4 Christian Bories, 5 Claude Marcel Hladik, 1 and Richard W. Wrangham 6 Received December 12, 2003; revision April 17, 2004; accepted May 27, 2004 We assessed the health status of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schwein- furthii) of the Kanyawara group in the Kibale National Park in Western Uganda via noninvasive methods. We conducted visual veterinary inspection, parasitological and urine analysis in association with behavioral observa- tions, causing minimal disturbance or stress to individually recognized chim- panzees. We applied multiple parasitological techniques to 252 stool samples to compare their efficacy in detecting parasitic infection and to increase the power of detecting a wide range of parasites at a more sensitive level. We examined 76 urine samples via a quick detection method to evaluate multi- ple parameters of urine that indicate organ dysfunction. Results of the dif- ferent analyses are mutually supportive and provided useful information for monitoring bodily condition and diseases. The multifaceted health evaluation 1 Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, USM 0104, Mus ´ eum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France. 2 Section of Ecology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan. 3 ICSN, CNRS, 1, av de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France. 4 Biologie Mol ´ eculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires et Fongiques, UMR 956 INRA-AFSSA- ENVA-UPVM, Ecole Nationale V ´ et´ erinaire d’Alfort, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France. 5 Chimioth ´ erapie Antiparasitaire, UMR 8076 CNRS, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France. 6 Peabody Museum, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, USA. 7 To whom correspondence should be addressed to Sabrina Krief, Eco-Anthropologie et Eth- nobiologie, USM 104, Dept. Hommes, Natures, Soci ´ et´ es, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France; e-mail: krief@mnhn.fr. 467 0164-0291/05/0400-0467/0 C  2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.