Clinical-Bladder cancer Bladder cancer incidence rates and trends in young adults aged 20-39 years Carlotta Palumbo, M.D. a,b, *, Angela Pecoraro, M.D. a,c , Giuseppe Rosiello, M.D. a,d , Stefano Luzzago, M.D. a,e , Marina Deuker, M.D. a,f , Franziska Stolzenbach, M.D. a,g , Zhe Tian, Mr. a , Shahrokh F. Shariat, M.D. h,i,j , Claudio Simeone, M.D. b , Alberto Briganti, M.D. d , Fred Saad, M.D. a , Alfredo Berruti, M.D. k , Alessandro Antonelli, M.D. l , Pierre I. Karakiewicz, M.D. a a Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada b Urology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia. Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy c Department of Urology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy d Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute (URI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy e Department of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy f Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany g Martini Klinik, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany h Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria i Departments of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY j Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia k Medical Oncology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia. Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, Univer- sity of Brescia, Italy l Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona. University of Verona, Italy Received 9 March 2020; received in revised form 8 May 2020; accepted 13 June 2020 Abstract Objectives: To assess contemporary gender, race and stage-specific incidence and trends of bladder cancer among young adults in the United States. Materials and methods: Within Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2001-2016), all patients aged 20 to 39 years- old with histologically confirmed bladder cancer were included. Age-standardized rates (ASR per 100,000 person-years) were estimated. Temporal trends were calculated through joinpoint regression analyses to describe the average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: From 2000 to 2016, 2,772 new cases were recorded (ASR 0.2, AAPC -1.5%, P = 0.01). ASRs were higher in males than in females (0.3 and 0.1, respectively) and decreased significantly in both genders (AAPC -1.3, P = 0.02 and -2.2% P = 0.03, respectively). non-Hispanic White (NHW) accounted for 70.7% of the cohort and had the highest incidence (ASR 0.3) that decreased over time (AAPC -1.4%, P = 0.02). Conversely, ASRs in other ethnic groups were lower and showed stable trends. The most frequent tumor characteristics were Ta/TisN0M0 stage (71.0%, ASR 0.1, AAPC -1.0%, P = 0.1), low grade (61.6%, ASR 0.1, AAPC -4.3%, P = 0.001) and urothelial his- tology (95.5%, ASR 0.2, AAPC -1.5%, P = 0.01). Conclusions: Despite the rarity of bladder cancer in those aged 20 to 39 years, a standard work-up is required to avoid advanced stage at diagnosis. The current data validate initial diagnoses at earliest stage in the vast majority of young adults. Moreover, decreasing ASRs in both genders are encouraging. Ó 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Bladder cancer; Incidence; Young adults; Epidemiology; Mortality Source of funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. *Corresponding author. Tel: +393491289501; fax: +390303995055 E-mail address: palumbo.carlotta@gmail.com (C. Palumbo). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.06.009 1078-1439/Ó 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ARTICLE IN PRESS Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations 000 (2020) 1-9