Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Carbohydrate Polymers journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/carbpol Multifunctional hybrid functionalization of cellulose fabrics with AgNWs and TiO 2 Patrycja Giesz a,b , Ewelina Mackiewicz b , Jarosław Grobelny b , Grzegorz Celichowski b , Małgorzata Cieślak a, ⁎ a Textile Research Institute, Scientific Department of Unconventional Technologies and Textiles, 5/15 Brzezińska St., 92-103 Lodz, Poland b University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, 163 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Cellulose Photoactivity Nicotine Silver nanowires Titanium dioxide ABSTRACT A study on the hybrid functionalization of cotton and viscose fabrics using silver nanowires (AgNWs) colloid and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) sol prepared in sol–gel technique was carried out. The microwave treatment was applied to change amorphous form of TiO 2 to anatase. The photocatalytic activity of both cellulose fabrics was evaluated by decomposition of nicotine using new method on the basis of infrared spectroscopy. The AgNWs/TiO 2 mod- ification caused 3 and 4 times (cotton fabric) and 1.8 and 1.5 (viscose fabric) faster decomposition of nicotine under respectively UV and VIS light than for unmodified fabrics. The AgNWs/TiO 2 modified cotton showed the surface resistance 1.5 × 10 3 Ω and antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. The same modification method gives various effects for cotton and viscose fabrics. Our study de- monstrates that AgNWs/TiO 2 modified cotton fabric with protective properties against bacteria can be used as conductive and air purifying materials. 1. Introduction The integration of multifunctional added values in one textile ma- terial has become a special area of interest in recent years. Although, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) with photocatalytic properties is a popular modifier of textile materials, new methods of extending its application are sought (Bozzi, Yuranova, Guasaquillo, Laub, & Kiwi, 2005; Etacheri, Di Valentin, Schneider, Bahnemann, & Pillai, 2015; Veronovski, Rudolf, Sfiligoj, Kreže, & Geršak, 2009). The properties of TiO 2 are dependent on its form (anatase, rutile and brookite). Superior mobility of elec- tron–hole pairs and improved surface hydroxyl density of anatase make it the most photocatalytically active form, but mainly under ultraviolet light (UV). Only around 3–5% of the solar radiations can be utilized in the conventional TiO 2 photocatalysis (Etacheri et al., 2015). For this purpose, the modification of titania semiconductor with e.g. dyes sen- sitization (Bae & Choi, 2003; Gurunathan, Maruthamuthu, & Sastri, 1997), noble metal loading (Ag, Au, Pt, Pd) (Gupta, Singh, Pandey, & Pandey, 2013; Sakthivel et al., 2004), transition metal ad- dition (Mo, V, Ru, Fe, Os, Cr) (Choi, Park, & Hoffmann, 2010; Choi, Termin, & Hoffman, 1994; Devi & Murthy, 2008; Etacheri et al., 2015; Wu & Chen, 2009) or non-metal doping (N,S,C) (Asahi et al., 2001Asahi, Morikawa, Ohwaki, Aoki, & Taga, 2001; Yang et al., 2009) was carried out. Ag-doped semiconductor nanoparticles have been of much interest in photocatalysis (Albiter, Valenzuela, Alfaro, Valverde- Aguilar, & Martınez-Pallares, 2015; Dastjerdi, Montazer, & Shahsavan, 2010). Silver in connection with TiO 2 was commonly used in the form of silver ions and silver nanoparticles to get the photocatalytic, self- cleaning, environmental/air purification and antibacterial properties of textile materials (Cieślak, Schmidt, Świercz, & Wąsowicz, 2009; Daoud et al., 2008; Dastjerdi & Mojtahedi, 2013; Dastjerdi, Mojtahedi, Shoshtari, & Khosroshahi, 2009, Dastjerdi, Mojtahedi, Shoshtari, & Khosroshahi, 2010;Dastjerdi, Montazer, & Shahsavan, 2010; Etacheri et al., 2015; Mihailovic et al., 2011; Pakdel, Daoud, Sun, & Wang, 2015; Radetic, 2013; Roldan, Castro, Pellegri, & Duran, 2015; Samal, Jeyaraman, & Vishwakarma, 2010; Yuranova et al., 2006). The pre- sence of silver improves the performance of TiO 2 photocatalyst by re- ducing of the electron–hole recombination rate and by extending the range of light absorbed by TiO 2 to visible region (VIS) (Dong et al., 2014; Etacheri et al., 2015). Spherical silver nanoparticles possessing additional properties like localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) are widely used for these purposes (Dong et al., 2014; Etacheri et al., 2015; Tunc, Bruns, Gliemann, Grunze, & Koelsch, 2010). Less common form of nanoAg are silver nanowires (AgNWs), which are characterized by the unique plasmonic waveguide specific for this one-dimensional metal structure which expands the light propagation along the AgNW (Dong et al., 2014; Eom et al., 2014; Ramasamy, Seo, Kim, & Kim, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.087 Received 30 May 2017; Received in revised form 19 July 2017; Accepted 18 August 2017 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: cieslakm@iw.lodz.pl (M. Cieślak). Carbohydrate Polymers 177 (2017) 397–405 Available online 19 September 2017 0144-8617/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. MARK