日大医誌 79 (2): 107–112 (2020) 107 はじめに 血管炎は,血管炎症候群,全身性血管炎とも呼称さ れ,血管そのものに炎症を認める疾患の総称である.血 管炎は血管の炎症に伴う血流障害や二次的に多臓器に障 害を来す.障害を来す血管は大動脈から毛細血管,静脈 に至るまで様々な部位に起こるため,障害を起こす部位 により症状も多彩である.疾患の本態は巨細胞性血管 炎,壊死性血管炎あるいは白血球破砕性血管炎 (leuko- cyteclastic vasculitis) 等の血管炎である.治療に関しては 進歩が進んでおり,疾患別の生物学的製剤使用も積極的 に行われている.本稿は血管炎症候群の診断から治療を 最近の知見も踏まえて概要する. 血管炎症候群の分類 (Fig. 1) 血管炎の疾患概念は 1966 年に全身の筋痛,しびれ, 蛋白尿を呈した 27 歳男性例を結節性動脈周囲炎として 発表したことに始まる 1 .その後血管炎症候群に属する 諸疾患をいくつかのグループに分類する試みがなされ, 1994 年に開催された Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) で,各血管炎の定義やおもな罹患部位による分 類法 (CHCC 1994) が提唱された.この通称 Chapel Hill 分類は,罹患血管の大きさを基準とし,病因論的背景よ り分類し,おおよそ 10 の疾患についてその罹患部の大 きさにより分類したもので,簡便で理解しやすいため, 広く受け入れられた.その後 2013 年に改訂版 CHCC (CHCC2012) が発表され (Table 1) 2 ,血管炎分類の変 更,病名変更,疾患定義の修正などが行われ現在,これ が汎用されている.この血管炎の分類,研究に大きく 関与したのは抗好中球細胞質抗体 (anti-neutrophile cyto- plasmic antibody; ANCA) の解明である.1982 年に Davies 3 がこの ANCA を発見し,その後 Woude 4 が多発 血管炎性肉芽腫症 (Granulomatosis with polyangiitis; GPA) (旧:Wegener 肉芽腫症)の診断や疾患活動性に ANCA 「今日からの診療に役立つアレルギー疾患の診断・治療の最新情報」 血管炎の診断・治療の最新情報 北村  登  武井 正美 日本大学医学部内科学系血液膠原病内科学分野 New Information for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Systemic Vasculitis Noboru Kitamura and Masami taKei Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Nihon University School of Medicine Systemic vasculitis is a general term for the disease that causes various organ failure with infammatory vas- culitis. At present, systemic vasculitis is classifed by the size of the blood vessel as described by the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) criteria. Small size vasculitis is classifed as ANCA-associated vasculitis and immune-complex associated vasculitis. Various symptoms occur with systemic vasculitis because various sizes of vessels cause injury. The pathological etiology of systemic vasculitis is giant cell arteritis, necrotizing vasculitis or leukocyteclastic vasculitis. Glucocorticoids were the main treatment for systemic vasculitis, but today, combi- nation therapy with glucocorticoids and some immunosuppressive drugs is the mainstream treatment for systemic vasculitis. Recently, some biological drugs have been used in the treatment of systemic vasculitis. Tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor antagonist, is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and Castleman’s disease. In 2017, tocilizumab was used to treat Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis, which it is able to improve with glucocorticoid mono- therapy. Infiximab, an anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody, is used as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. In 2015, infiximab was used as a treatment for Kawasaki disease, which it improves, by intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is usually used as a treat- ment for CD20+ B cell lymphoma. While rituximab is usually used to treat RA and SLE in the United States and Europe, it cannot be used to treat RA and SLE in Japan. In 2017, rituximab was used as a treatment for MPA and GPA when there is improvement caused by glucocorticoids. Mepolizumab, an IL-5 monoclonal antibody, is used as treatment for severe bronchial asthma. Since 2017, mepolizumab has been used as a treatment for EGPA when there is improvement caused by glucocorticoids. It is expected that more new treatments for systemic vasculitis will be developed. Key words: systemic vasculitis, CHCC classifcation, biologics 血管炎症候群,チャペル‒ヒル分類,生物学的製剤 (J. Nihon Univ. Med. Ass., 2020; 79 (2): 107–112) 特  集