ORIGINAL ARTICLE Correlation of anti-Mullerian hormone with humanchorionic gonadotropin test in the evaluation of testicular function of children with 46 XY male hypogonadism: Use of anti-Mullerian hormone as abiomarker Murat Karaoglan 1 Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey Aim: It is challenging to evaluate reproductive potential during childhood. These challenges necessitate the use of invasive dynamic tests. Although the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a reliable biomarker in evaluating testicular function, especially in the pre-pubertal period, there are uncertainties concerning its use in a clinical setting. This study is focused on comparing the AMH and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test in boys with hypogonadism. Methods: A total of 160 boys aged between 0 and 18 years who presented with complaints associated with hypogonadism were prospectively enrolled in the study. All children were assigned to the following five groups: gonadal disorders (n = 34), androgen synthesis and end organ effect dis- order (n = 48), isolated genital malformation disorders (n = 57), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (n = 15) and constitutional delayed puberty (n = 6). All children underwent a short 3-day hCG test (1500 U/m 2 /day). The concordance and correlation were evaluated between the hCG test and AMH. Results: All groups exhibited a strong correlation (r 160 = 0.689) and strong concordance (Kappa coefficient 160 = 0.7) between the AMH and hCG test. Values of AMH higher than 32.7 pmol/L and hCG responses higher than 86 pmol/L were significant as indicative markers of functional testicular tissue presence. Conclusions: This study has shown that there is a strong correlation between the AMH and short-term hCG test and that values of AMH higher than 32.7 pmol/L and stimulated testosterone higher than 86 pmol/L can be used as indicators of functionally sufficient testicular tissue. These results indicate that AMH value can be used as a reliable and useful biomarker in the evaluation of the testicular function in 46 XY hypogonadism. Key words: anti-Mullerian hormone; human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation test; male hypogonadism; testicular function. What is already known on this topic 1 Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is used to evaluate male hyp- ogonadism, and there is no cut-off value to determine testicular functions. 2 The benefit of AMH is not clear compared to the human chori- onic gonadotropin (hCG) test, and the concordance between these two tests needs to be studied. 3 There has been only a relatively small number of studies that have compared the AMH and hCG test. What this paper adds 1 This report determines the cut-off value of AMH to evaluate tes- ticular function. 2 The present study shows that there are good correlation and concordance between serum AMH and testosterone response to the hCG test. 3 This study contributed to the literature by comparing the short- term hCG test and AMH in the evaluation of testicular function, and it also showed that random AMH measurement is likely suffi- cient rather than a more involved hCG stimulation test. The architecture of internal and external genitalia develops under the control of sophisticated genetic and hormonal processes. Chromosomal, gonadal and anatomical formation disorders from fertilisation until the completion of pubertal development lead to disorders of sex development (DSD). 1 The classification, descrip- tion and terminology conflicts of DSDs create some challenges in practice. It was substantially resolved by the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) consensus reports in 2006. 2 Definitive diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach con- sisting of clinical, genetic, hormonal and radiological evaluations. Despite all these available assessments, nearly 30–40% of the patients cannot be definitively diagnosed. 3 Correspondence: Assistant Professor Murat Karaoglan, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Universit Street, Sahinbey/Gaziantep 27070, Turkey. Fax: +90 342 360 39 28; email: muratkaraoglan@hotmail.com Conflict of interest: None declared. Accepted for publication 9 September 2019. doi:10.1111/jpc.14643 Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health (2019) © 2019 Paediatrics and Child Health Division (The Royal Australasian College of Physicians) 1