Contentslistsavailableat ScienceDirect Energy Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol Impactsofresidentialenergyconsumptiononthehealthburdenof householdairpollution:Evidencefrom135countries QiangWang a,b ,Mei-PoKwan c,d ,KanZhou e ,JieFan e, ⁎ ,YafeiWang e ,DongshengZhan f a State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 35007, PR China b School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 35007, PR China c Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA d Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, the Netherlands e Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, PR China f College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, PR China ARTICLEINFO Keywords: Burdenfromhouseholdairpollution Residential energy consumption Energy transition Spatial regression models ABSTRACT Knowledge about the links between burden from household air pollution (B-HAP) and residential energy con- sumption(REC)isessentialforoptimizingresidentialenergysupplymixandimprovingthequalityofindoorair worldwide. However, the literature on this topic from a perspective of energy transition is still lacking. This studyinvestigatestherelationshipbetweenthevariationintheB-HAPandthestructuraltransitionofRECusing cross-sectionaldataof135countriesduring1990–2015.TheresultsindicatethatcountrieswithhighB-HAPare clusteredinAfricaandAsia,whicharemainlymiddle-andlow-incomecountries.Meanwhile,withthestructural transition of REC, the global B-HAP has exhibited a decreasing trend. Moreover, the findings show that re- sidential electricity use has a greater impact on B-HAP reduction than other household fuels. Although the impacts of liquefied petroleum gas usage changed considerably during the study period, its contribution to reducing the B-HAP remains highly significant, while household natural gas use exhibited a significant and stableeffectonB-HAPreduction.Incontrast,solidbiomassuseshowedanincreasinglyadverseimpactontheB- HAP, and the impact of coal use on the B-HAP became statistically significant since 2010, with an increasing trend. 1. Introduction Associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and in- creased mortality have been extensively studied in scientific research (Lelieveldetal.,2015;JiandZhao,2015;Evansetal.,1984;Kolokotsa andSantamouris,2015;Liuetal.,2018;Chenetal.,2017;Lottetal., 2017;Raoetal.,2017;Yuetal.,2018).TheWorldHealthOrganization (WHO)estimatedthat7.3millionpeopleworldwidedieannuallydueto airpollution,andapproximately60%ofthesedeathsareattributableto household exposure to smoke from dirty cookstoves and fuels (WHO, 2018).Inasense,householdairpollution(HAP),whichisgeneratedby household fuel combustion in and around the home, has become the world's leading environmental health risk. Since residential energy consumption (REC) is the major source of HAP, it has considerable impacts on mortality and morbidity in important ways. Along with increasing population and major improvement in life quality, global REC increased by over 33.7% during 1990–2015. Meanwhile, as the dramaticincreaseinhouseholdswithaccesstoelectricity,naturalgas, liquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG),andotherfuelswithlessornopollution, the death rate from HAP dramatically decreased from 63.68 to 38.72 per100,000peopleduringtheperiod(IHME, 2015).Despitesuchim- provement in household air quality, approximately 3.1 billion people worldwide still rely on polluting energy sources for cooking, heating, andlighting(WHO,2018),andtheglobalhealthriskfromRECpersists foralongtime,especiallyfordevelopingcountries. However, any policy or strategy that aims at reducing the health riskattributabletoHAPrequiresabetterunderstandingoftheimpacts of REC on the burden from HAP (B-HAP). Biomass (wood, crop re- sidues,andanimaldung)andsolidfossilfuels(coalandcoke)burned inside poorly ventilated spaces with thermally inefficient stoves has beensuggestedastheprimarycauseofchronicobstructivepulmonary disease, high blood pressure and lung cancer in adults, pneumonia in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.037 Received28August2018;Receivedinrevisedform19December2018;Accepted21December2018 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: fanj@igsnrr.ac.cn (J.Fan). Energy Policy 128 (2019) 284–295 0301-4215/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T