Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 8 (2023) 100535 Available online 27 October 2023 2666-0164/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-nd/4.0/). Case Report Nanocomposites based on Resole/graphene/carbon fbers: A review study Chou Yi Hsu a , Zaid H. Mahmoud b , Sherzod Abdullaev c, d, e , Bahira Abdulrazzaq Mohammed f , Usama S. Altimari g , Murtadha Laftah Shaghnab h , Ehsan kianfar i, j, * , Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim k, l a Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan b Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Diyala, Iraq c Faculty of Chemical Engineering, New Uzbekistan University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan d Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Asian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan e Scientifc and Innovation Department, Tashkent State Pedagogical University Named After Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan f Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq g Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq h College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq i Department of Chemical Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran j Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran k Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq l Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Unit (NAMRU), Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq A R T I C L E INFO Keywords: Phenolic resins Graphene Carbon fbers Interlayer cutting Mechanical properties ABSTRACT In this Review, Phenolic resins have excellent dimensional, thermal, chemical and corrosion resistance. Also, the volatile substances produced during the thermal degradation of this resin have low toxicity and, in addition, they have high charring. Phenolic resins have been applied in many areas such as internal parts of war planes, structures used in marine platforms, fame retardant plastics and carbon/carbon composites due to having the mentioned favorable properties. In this article, phenolic resin samples of Resole reinforced with carbon fbers and graphene nanoparticles were prepared. In the last decade, the development of new polymer nanocomposites has grown signifcantly. In contrast to conventional and common composites, nanocomposites have a feature in which a fller that has a size of less than 100 nm in at least one dimension is used. One of the advantages of polymer nanocomposites is that it gives several properties to the primary polymer, despite the fact that it creates less limitations in its processability than other reinforcements. The key to these features is in the design and behavior of polymer nanocomposites, which includes the size and properties of the fller nanoparticle and the interface between the fller nanoparticle and the matrix. Nowadays, in many engineering applications, it is necessary to combine the properties of materials, and it is not possible to use one type of material that satisfes all the desired properties. For example, in the aerospace industry, there is a need for materials that have high strength, lightness, wear resistance and good resistance to ultraviolet light and do not lose their strength at high temperatures. Since it is diffcult to fnd a material that has all the above properties, it is better to look for a method to combine the properties of the materials, this solution is the use of composite materials. 1. Introduction In the last decade, the development of new polymer nanocomposites has grown signifcantly. In contrast to conventional and usual compos- ites, nanocomposites have a feature which makes it possible for a fller with a size of less than 100 nm to be used in at least one dimension [1–5]. One of the advantages of polymer nanocomposites is that it gives several properties to the primary polymer, despite the fact that it creates less limitation in its processability than other reinforcements [6–10]. The key to these features is the design and behavior of polymer nano- composites, which includes the size and properties of the fller nano- particle and the interface between the fller nanoparticle and the matrix [11–15]. In the not-so-distant past, the basis of new polymer nano- composites was carbon nanotubes, on which extensive research was conducted. The inherent clustering and aggregation of carbon nanotubes and the high cost of its production have limited the use of these materials * Corresponding author. Department of Chemical Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran. E-mail addresses: ehsan_kianfar2010@yahoo.com, ehsankianfar775@gmail.com (E. kianfar). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/case-studies-in-chemical- and-environmental-engineering https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100535 Received 5 September 2023; Received in revised form 22 October 2023; Accepted 24 October 2023