© Equinox Publishing Ltd 2021, Ofce 415, The Workstation, 15 Paternoster Row, Shefeld S1 2BX
[JWPM 7.2 (2020) 125–144] JWPM (print) ISSN 2052-4900
https://doi.org/10.1558/jwpm. 42670 JWPM (online) ISSN 2052-4919
Robert Hamilton
1
Shadow Representations:
8-Milin’ Identity and
De-Blacking Rap Music in
South Korea
Robert Hamilton is a native of Detroit, Michigan
and has lived intermittently in South Korea since
1996. He received a PhD in sociology from Seoul
National University and works as an assistant
professor of Korean to English interpretation
and translation at the Graduate School of Inter-
pretation and Translation at Hankuk University of
Foreign Studies in Seoul, South Korea.
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
Graduate School of Interpretation
and Translation
Seoul Campus 107, Imun-ro,
Dongdaemun-gu
Seoul, South Korea 02450
rchristo10@hufs.ac.kr
Abstract
In South Korea, rap music has gained increasing popularity and entered the mainstream music
industry. Most Koreans, however, interpret rap music beyond its beats. They see it as an African
American art rooted in lowbrow American culture and racial subjugation to white society.
Rap music in Korea is associated with people who are categorically deemed heug-in, those
presumed to be descendants of African Americans or of African heritage. Historically, heug-in-
directed racism and discrimination have complicated racial relations in the country. Considering
the recent rise in the domestic popularity of rap music and its racialization as a “Black art”, this
research explores K-rappers’ relative silence on the racism and racial injustices surrounding their
art. It argues that rap music’s history around US military bases, along with K-rappers’ trend of
8-Milin’ their identities, fashion an environment that sustains racism and promotes a general
disregard for heug-in. With the inclusion of an interview with iconic K-rap group Garion, the fnd-
ings suggest that the K-rap industry needs cultural leadership to break the silence on race and
racism in the industry and produce an art that reaches beyond market-focus and self-interest.
Keywords: hip hop; Korea; race, Black; representation; 8 Mile; identity
1. This work was supported by the Core University Program for Korean Studies through
the Ministry of Education of the Republic of the Korea and Korean Studies Promotion
Service of the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS-2016-OLU-2250005). I would also like to
thank the Academy of Korean Studies for funding that supported my participation in the
Afro-Korean Hip-Hop Festival and Conference at the University of California–Irvine where
this paper was initially presented on 7 October 2019.