Advances in Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819055-5.00017-6 © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 17 Recycled household ceramic waste in eco-efficient cement: A case study Yining Ding a , Huiwen Dong a , Mingli Cao a , F. Pacheco-Torgal b , Cecilia Azevedo c a State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China, b C-TAC Research Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal, c University of Minho, Centre of Mathematics, Minho, Portugal 17.1 Introduction The current world cement production amounts near 3 billion tons/per year. Portland cement demand decreases in industrial nations and increases dramatically in develop- ing countries. Global demand will have increased by almost 200% by 2050 from 2010 levels. The total cement output in China was about 2.48 billion tons in 2014, and this trend will continue. It is known (Ding et al., 2010) that around 1 ton of carbon dioxide is emitted for each ton of cement production (Fig. 17.1A). It is very serious for cli- mate change caused by CO 2 emissions worldwide. Consequently, it is important to take effective measures to reduce the carbon dioxide pollution caused by the cement industry. Meanwhile, China is the world’s leading manufacturer of ceramics; as a result, more than 100 million tons of ceramic wastes are produced each year. The ceramic waste is a serious problem, as there is between 10% and 20% waste from the process- ing procedures. Only in Guangdong province near Hong Kong, the ceramic waste and waste sludge are about 10 million tons each year. The disposal of this waste not only occupies large areas of land but can also severely pollute the environment (Fig. 17.1B and C). Hence, the correct treatment of ceramic waste is necessary to preserve the environmental degradation. The reuse of such waste can not only protect the environ- ment but also offers a great advantage in partial replacement of cement in concrete for example. There have been several previous studies that have investigated the use of powdered igneous, metamorphic rocks or zeolites as pozzolanic materials (Ding et al., 2010; Kitsopoulos and Dunham, 1996; Pedersen, 2004; Mertens et al., 2009) and the use of ceramic waste as aggregate in concrete (De Brito et al., 2004; Silvestre et al., 2013). The replacement of Portland cement by powered igneous increased the compressive strength (Kitsopoulos and Dunham, 1996). The surface area only influences the short- term reactivity, and the long-term reactivity is mainly related to the Si/Al ratio of the zeolites (Mertens et al., 2009). The investigation on the ceramic roof tile wastes and clay bricks (CB) as pozzolanic admixture has also been conducted, and the calcined clay wastes from Britain, Denmark, Lithuania, and Poland are suitable for partial re- placement of cement without a detrimental effect on the strength (Lavat et al., 2009;