A Basic Biofeedback Primer Rich Norman (1) , Cengiz Mordeniz (3) , Leonardo Mendolicchio (1,2) , Enrico Pierangeli (1) , Paolo Pannarale (4) , Franco Orsucci (5) , Elio Conte (1) School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics , Bari Italy P R O F I L E S OF THE AUTHORS (1) Rich Norman, Researcher in Neurology and Psychology at the School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy (2) Leonardo Mendolicchio, psychiatrist, Director Villa Miralago Clinic for the therapy of the eating disorders, Varese, Italy; (3) Cengiz Mordeniz, Associated professor of anesthesiology, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi and Tekirdağ Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Turkey; (1) Enrico Pierangeli, Neurosurgeon and former professor of neurosurgery University of Bari; (4) Paolo Pannarale, Hospital neurologist, Bari; (5) Franco Orsucci, psychiatrist, professor of psychiatry, University College London; Lead Consultant, CPFT – Cambridge University Health Partners Director, Institute for Complexity Studies of Rome-Italy. Contact: Professor Elio Conte, elio.conte@fastwebnet.it Abstract: Biofeedback is a longstanding technique whereby voluntary control may be asserted over many seemingly unconscious physiologic and autonomic processes. Neurofeedback is a particular branch of biofeedback using real time information derived through the active monitoring of brain states to allow development of therapeutically efficacious informationally rich results. Our facility and staff are expert in the use of biofeedback as both a direct therapeutic aid, and assessment tool. This document will briefly detail the historical development and underlying principles of bio- and neuro-feedback techniques and their substantial theoretical and experimental basis. Biofeedback/Neurofeedback is now well defined by the scientific community. The Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB), Biofeedback Certification International Alliance (BCIA), and the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR), formulated this definition of biofeedback in 2008: Biofeedback is a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance. Precise instruments measure physiological activity such as brainwaves, heart function, breathing, muscle