ORIGINAL PAPER Livestock as an indicator of socioeconomic changes in Medieval Prague (Czech Republic) Lenka Kovačiková 1,2 & Olga Trojánková 1,2,3 & Petr Starec 1,4 & Petr Meduna 1,5 & Petr Limburský 1,3 Received: 10 January 2020 /Accepted: 20 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract The continuity of occupation at the settlement of Prague, Czech Republic, from the ninth to fourteenth centuries makes it a good case study for investigating the evolution of animal husbandry practices during the Early and High Middle Ages. Previous archaeozoological work shows that people’s dietary behaviour in Prague underwent a transformation at the beginning of the High Middle Ages (thirteenth century). This change has been attributed to large-scale socioeconomic transformations, which may have affected animal management practices. Stable carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) isotope analysis of the tooth dentine collagen of livestock (cattle, domestic pigs, sheep and goats) from three different areas in Prague (the Lesser Town, Prague Castle and the Old Town) presented in this study provides support for this hypothesis. The range of stable isotope values increased over time, which may, in addition to a farm-household model, indicate a more advanced system of livestock supply–for example, through urban markets–and may also be explained by more diversified breeding conditions in the town and its surroundings. The results show an increase in the δ 15 N values in pig diet over time and suggest that their management changed. This difference may have been caused by increased animal protein intake or higher δ 15 N value of the dietary sources. It has also been corroborated that the root dentine collagen of High Medieval cattle has slightly higher average δ 15 N values when compared to cattle from the earlier period, which could be related to gradual changes in landscape utilization and soil processing, such as fertilization. Keywords Animal management . Stable isotope analysis . Carbon . Nitrogen . Prague . Middle Ages Introduction Prague, Czech Republic, is among the most important archae- ological sites in East-Central Europe. Its position has been brought about not only by a continuity of settlement that has lasted for more than a thousand years but mainly by its continuous role as a central meeting place–the Early Medieval seat of the Bohemian dukes and later Kings (Frolík and Smetánka 1997). Ever-increasing archaeological and historical research has gradually revealed how Prague started as an early urban settlement that grew into a High Medieval town characterized by new legal and territorial prin- ciples (Klápště 2016). At the end of the Early Middle Ages in Bohemia (end of the twelfth century), the original system of country administration collapsed, changes took place in society and new rules for the promotion of power were established. Subsequently, during the High Middle Ages, there was more intense density of settlement, related to the founding of towns and villages as well as the restructuring of older settlement units. The origi- nal, traditional relations to allotments, which were now delimited, and which gave their owners discretions and duties, fundamentally changed. In this way, at the beginning of the High Middle Ages, in the thirteenth century, Bohemia underwent a significant transformation, the so-called Medieval transformation, consisting of gradual changes in cultural, political and economic aspects of society (Klápště * Lenka Kovačiková lenka.kovacikova@gmail.com 1 Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 3, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic 2 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Celetná 20, CZ-116 36 Praha 1, Czech Republic 3 Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, v.v.i., Letenská 4, CZ-118 01 Praha 1, Czech Republic 4 The City of Prague Museum, Kožná 1, CZ-110 00 Praha 1, Czech Republic 5 Centre for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Husova 4, CZ-110 00 Praha 1, Czech Republic Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (2020) 12:283 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01229-5