Copyright © 2023 Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unre- stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING SCIENCES (IJNRES) Website: www.ijnres.org Intelligent Helmet for Motorcyclists P. Kumar 1, a) and S.Ragavendran 2, b) 1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India a) 20118004@student.annauniv.edu b) 20118051@student.annauniv.edu Abstract— The inspiration behind this research paper stems from a sense of social responsibility to mitigate road accidents. Its primary objective is to enhance the safety and security of motorcycle riders by promoting helmet usage. The proposed system incorporates a mechanism that prevents the motorcycle from starting unless the rider wears a helmet and is not under the influ- ence of alcohol. Furthermore, the system utilizes sensors to alert the rider of any obstacles approaching from the rear. In the unfortunate event of an accident, the GSM module promptly sends distress signals to the nearest police station, registered rela- tives, and other designated individuals. Index Terms— GPS , GSM, ARDUINO, PIR sensor, BAC, Wireless sensors I. INTRODUCTION In India, road accidents claim the lives of 16 individuals every hour [6]. To address this issue, the utilization of a piezoelectric sensor in vehicles can detect vibrations, while GPS technology can provide the accident's location [1]. By employing GSM functionality, accident notifications can be promptly sent to the concerned relatives [2]. The MQ-3 al- cohol sensor is capable of detecting alcohol levels in human breath, allowing the ignition system to operate based on the Blood Alcohol Content [3]. Additionally, a passive infrared sensor can measure infrared radiation emitted by objects generating heat within its field of view [4]. Drunken driving stands as a major contributor to road fatalities, with one death occurring every four minutes in India. Monitoring whether individuals wear helmets and refrain from alcohol consumption poses a significant chal- lenge [5]. The National Crime Records Bureau, under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, highlights the cities with the highest number of road crash fatalities in In- dia [6]. Two-wheelers pose a greater danger in accidents compared to four-wheelers due to the absence of airbags and seat belts. The developed prototype comprises two main sections: the hardware section and the software section, working to- gether to form a complete system. The detection and identification of human movement are accomplished using an infrared sensor. The presence of al- cohol in human breath is detected through the MQ-3 sensor. Accidents involving vehicles are detected by the piezoelec- tric sensor [7]. In the event of an accident, messaging, as well as the positioning of the vehicle, is facilitated by the GSM and GPS modules [8]. II. SENSING TECHNOLOGY FOR INTELLIGENT HELMETS A. Infrared Motion Sensor The Infrared Motion Sensor, also known as an IR sensor, is a crucial component composed of Pyroelectric material. Typically, the sensor dimensions are approximately ¼ inch square, and it is commonly manufactured as a thin film. The materials utilized in PIR sensors include gallium nitride (GaN), caesium nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluoride, deriva- tives of phenyl pyridine, and cobalt phthalocyanine. This sensor plays a vital role in detecting the motion of the human head inside the helmet, within the sensor's effec- tive range [9]. It verifies whether the individual is wearing the helmet or not. By measuring changes in the levels of infrared radiation emitted by the surrounding objects, the PIR sensor can detect motion. This motion is identified by observing a high infrared signal on a single input/output pin. When the bike rider's head is detected while attempting to wear the helmet, the sensor detects the infrared radiation, resulting in a high output from the PIR sensor [10]. The PIR sensor consists of a crystalline material that ex- hibits the generation of an electric charge when exposed to infrared radiation. The variations in the amount of infrared radiation striking the sensor's element result in changes in the generated voltage, which are then measured by an am- plifier [11]. A crucial component of this sensor is the Fres- nel lens, a specialized filter that focuses the infrared radia- tion signals onto the element. When there are rapid changes in the surrounding infrared signals, the amplifier triggers the output to indicate motion [12]. B. The MQ-3 Gas Sensor To address the challenge faced by law enforcement in man- ually screening every vehicle for intoxicated drivers, an efficient system is required to automatically prevent drunk driving. This system can be seamlessly integrated with the ignition system, granting control of the motorcycle only to individuals who have not consumed alcohol. The MQ-3 gas sensor is well-suited for detecting alcohol content in breath,