Citation: Jakubus, M. Quantitative Distribution and Contamination Risk Assessment of Cu and Zn in Municipal Sewage Sludge. Sustainability 2023, 15, 12087. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512087 Academic Editors: Edoardo Bocci, Domagoj Naki´ c and Dražen Vouk Received: 24 May 2023 Revised: 23 July 2023 Accepted: 31 July 2023 Published: 7 August 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). sustainability Article Quantitative Distribution and Contamination Risk Assessment of Cu and Zn in Municipal Sewage Sludge Monika Jakubus Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-656 Pozna´ n, Poland; monika.jakubus@up.poznan.pl Abstract: One of the methods of managing sewage sludge (SS) is its soil application. This possibility is promoted by the chemical composition rich in organic matter and nutrients. However, heavy metal contents in SS must meet respective permissible limits. Among the heavy metals in SS, Cu and Zn are found in the largest amount; thus, this study focuses on these elements. The main aim of the study is to investigate the quantitative distribution of metals in sequentially separated fractions of sewage sludge. Additionally, the potential risk of environmental contamination with heavy metals was assessed in the case of SS application for agricultural purposes. The relevant analyses were conducted on four different examples of municipal SS. Based on the total amounts as well as those determined in the SS fractions, the following indices were calculated: I geo (geoaccumulation index), ICF, (individual contamination factor), and RAC (risk assessment code). The use of data from the sequential analysis as well as the calculated indices made it possible to assess the usefulness of SS in practice in terms of potential introduction of Cu and Zn into the environment with the sludge dose. It was found that total Cu (Cu tot ) and Zn (Zn tot ) did not exceed the permissible limits binding within respective Polish and international regulations. Regardless of the years of study and the analyzed SS, Cu tot ranged from 260.9 to 393.5 mg·kg −1 , and Zn tot from 475.5 to 1153.1 mg·kg −1 . The amounts of Cu and Zn were predominantly reducible (bound to iron and manganese hydroxides, Fr. II) and oxidizable complexes (bound to organic matter and sulfides, Fr. III). The average amounts of Cu in Fr. II ranged from 149.4 to 172.4 mg·kg −1 , while those of Zn in Fr. II ranged from 370.9 to 754.6 mg·kg −1 . Cu amounts in Fr. III were from 160.9 to 183 mg·kg −1 and Zn amounts in Fr. III were from 104.9 to 171.9 mg·kg −1 . Total content of metals as well as TOC values strongly determined the quantitative level of both elements in the SS fractions. Generally, with the increase in the total amount of metals, their levels in the sludge fractions increased. In turn, the increase in TOC resulted in a decrease in the amounts of Cu and Zn in the sludge fractions. Calculated I geo and ICF ratios showed high and very high SS contamination with Cu and Zn. I geo values for Cu, regardless of the year of study and sludge sample, that ranged from 4.62 to 5.43 and for Zn from 3.41 to 4.86. At the same time, the ICF values for Cu ranged from 8.59–23.04, and for Zn 15.42–44.47. The RAC values indicated a low (Cu) and medium (Zn) risk of using SS in terms of the potential metal availability in the environment. The RAC values ranged from 1.46 to 4.40% for Cu and from 9.63 to 23.13% for Zn. Keywords: waste biomass; sequential method; metals; geoaccumulation index (I geo ); individual contamination factor (ICF); risk assessment code (RAC) 1. Introduction Copper and zinc belong to the group of chalcopyrene elements, found in ores mainly in the form of sulfides. These metals are common in nature, together with other cyclic elements, and constitute as much as 99.9% of the Earth’s crust [1]. In addition to their considerable economic importance, both elements are microelements essential for the health of humans, animals, and plants. Zinc and copper are mainly loaded with industrial wastewater from such industry branches as metallurgy, textile, paint and fertilizer production, as well as manufacture of plant protection products and plastics. In municipal sewage sludge, the Sustainability 2023, 15, 12087. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512087 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability