journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 109 (2020) 103856 Available online 16 May 2020 1751-6161/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Durability of staining and glazing on a hybrid ceramics after the three-body wear Jo~ ao P.M. Tribst a, b, * , Amanda M.O. Dal Piva a, b , Arie Werner b , Lilian C. Anami c , Marco A. Bottino a , Cornelis J. Kleverlaan b a Post-Graduate Program in Restorative Dentistry (Prosthodontic), Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, S~ ao Paulo State University (Unesp/SJC), Institute of Science and Technology, Engenheiro Francisco Jos� e Longo Avenue 777, 12245-000, S~ ao Jos� e dos Campos/SP, Brazil b Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Gustav Mahlerlaan #3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands c Department of Dentistry, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), S~ ao Paulo, R. Prof. En� eas de Siqueira Neto 340, 04829-300, S~ ao Paulo/SP, Brazil A R T I C L E INFO Keywords: Hybrid ceramic Surface treatments ACTA wear Machine Wear facet Wear depth and wear volume ABSTRACT Hybrid ceramic is a promising material for monolithic restorations that could require an individualization through the extrinsic staining to improve aesthetics. Due to the possibilities to treat this ceramic prior to staining, this study evaluated the wear resistance of surface treatments prior to staining and glazing a hybrid ceramic. Thirty-two specimens (Vita Enamic) were divided into 8 groups according to the surface treatment prior to the staining (Polishing: Pol, Acid etching: Ac, Sandblasting with Al 2 O 3 : Sd or Self-etching silane: Ses) and glaze application (with: gl or without: gl). The specimens were submitted to the ACTA wear machine simulating the presence of food bolus and antagonist. The wear rate of the stain was determined after 7 intervals of 20,000 cycles, using a proflometer. The surface before and after staining, and after wear were inspected using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The rates were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey test. The wear was affected by surface treatment, glaze application and number of cycles (p < 0.001). 100% of the staining was removed after 20,000 cycles for Pol, 40,000 for Pol þ gl, 60,000 for Ses þ gl, 80,000 for Ac, 100,000 for Sd and Ses, 120,000 for Ac þ gl and 140,000 for Sd þ gl. SEM showed similar worn surfaces. Sandblasting followed by glaze application was the most durable treatment to maintain the external staining on the hybrid ceramic surface when subjected to three-body wear. 1. Introduction Staining materials for restorative material are used for esthetic improvement, giving a more natural appearance to the patient’s resto- ration, increasing the success and satisfaction with the treatment. The glaze application is recommended to protect the staining layer, improving the staining longevity during function (Chi et al., 2017). The presence of the staining and glaze layer, infuences the surface rough- ness, mechanical resistance and esthetics in different materials (Sulai- man et al., 2015; Garza et al., 2016; Chi et al., 2017). Therefore, this layer should be preserved over the restoration for a prolonged clinical success, especially esthetically. For reinforced glass ceramics or pure polycrystalline ceramics, the inorganic components of the staining are fxed to the restoration by fring the staining at high temperatures. The stains are applied before or after crystallization/sintering fring, depending on the ceramic material (Sulaiman et al., 2015; Willard, Chu, 2018). However, for the hybrid ceramics, which contains a polymer infltrated matrix (Bottino et al., 2015; Ramos et al., 2016; A Dal Piva et al., 2018, 2020), there is a new approach for the staining procedure (Dal Piva et al., 2020). Stain and glaze of these hybrid ceramics are Methyl MethAcrylate (MMA) light cured composites. This staining technique is reported by the manufac- turer as simple to apply, improving the practicality of the dental offce and achieving proper esthetic. Prior to staining, the ceramic surface must be treated with hydrofuoric acid etching or sandblasting with aluminum oxide particles followed by silane application, as recom- mended by the manufacturer. In order to reduce the number of clinical steps and to promote durable bond strength data, a self-etching silane * Corresponding author. Francisco Jos� e Longo, 777. S~ ao Jos� e dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil. E-mail addresses: joao.tribst@unesp.br (J.P.M. Tribst), amodalpiva@gmail.com (A.M.O. Dal Piva), a.werner@acta.nl (A. Werner), lianami@gmail.com (L.C. Anami), mmbottino@uol.com.br (M.A. Bottino), c.kleverlaan@acta.nl (C.J. Kleverlaan). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jmbbm https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103856 Received 9 April 2020; Received in revised form 8 May 2020; Accepted 10 May 2020