Resilience and transformation of the New Zealand kiwifruit industry in the face of Psa-V disease Angga Dwiartama School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132 West Java, Indonesia article info Article history: Received 26 September 2016 Received in revised form 25 January 2017 Accepted 1 March 2017 Available online xxx Keywords: Transformative resilience Kiwifruit Psa-V Actor-network theory abstract The New Zealand kiwifruit industry is facing a difficult challenge with regard to the canker disease on kiwifruit vines, caused by a virulent strain of bacteria called Psa, which has affected the majority of orchards in New Zealand. Although it is likely that the industry will be resilient in the face of the current shock, changes and transformation will also take place in the process. Using actor-network theory (ANT) as an analytical tool, this paper explores what resilience means to the industry as Psa-V is enrolled to the actor-network. Drawing on data obtained from semi-structured interviews and document analysis, this paper substantiates the notion that resilience, as with any other social construct, is an effect generated by networks of heterogeneous actors. I argue that resilience and transformation need to be understood as ongoing processes of negotiation between actors, both human and non-human, within the kiwifruit industry. Adopting Michel Callon's moments of translation, this paper proposes the moments of trans- formation through a series of negotiations that includes enrolment, translation, stabilisation, and alignment. The paper concludes that the complexity of the industry can render it plausible that resilience and transformation occurs simultaneously; hence the concept transformative resilience. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The ongoing discussion on achieving sustainability often brings forth the concept of resilience (Folke et al., 2002; Darnhofer et al., 2010), which is understood as the ability of a system or society to bounce back from crisis and adapt to changes. By this definition, the New Zealand kiwifruit industry would be a perfect example of a resilient horticultural system. The 1991 Italian pesticide residue crisis accompanying the 1980s price crash (Campbell and Fairweather, 1998) is evidence that the industry was able to adapt to shocks and emerge stronger after the crisis. However, since 2010, its resilience has been once again challenged by a different type of shock, this time at the orchard level. A bacterial canker disease caused by a virulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae, or also known as Psa 1 has affected the majority of kiwifruit orchards in New Zealand. Greer and Saunders (2012) estimate that Psa-V is expected to cost the industry between $310 and 410 million over the next five years, and even more during the next 10e15 years. This occurrence has brought serious attention to bear on the industry's ability to increase its resilience in the face of the pre- vailing shock. It should be noted that during the development of the kiwifruit industry, transformation was an integral part of resilience. The 1991 Italian residue crisis and 1992 price crash, which were followed by subsequent changes to the industry, brought about the emergence of a new marketing entity under the name of Zespri International Limited (henceforth is called Zespri) in 1997 (Campbell and Fairweather, 1998; Kilgour et al., 2008). Likewise, the Psa-V crisis indicates a transformation to the industry through the establish- ment of Kiwifruit Vine Health Inc. (KVH) and reorientation of the industry's focus to include vines and orchards health (Greer and Saunders, 2012), as well as the development of new varieties that are Psa-V resilient (Birnie and Livesey, 2014). It is, then, argued that for a system to be resilient, it also needs to have the capacity for renewal, reorganization and transformation (Berkes et al., 2003), hence the term transformative resilience (Darnhofer et al., 2010; Gotham and Campanella, 2010). This article is thus intended to document the process of trans- formative resilience within the industry. I argue that transformative resilience depends not only on the humans' capacity to adapt and reorganize, but also on the interplay between human and material E-mail address: dwiartama@sith.itb.ac.id. 1 The term Psa-V indicates a virulent strain of Psa. As developed in the narrative, both Psa-V and Psa refer to the same actant, and thus henceforth will be named Psa-V for ease of. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Rural Studies journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jrurstud http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.03.002 0743-0167/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Journal of Rural Studies xxx (2017) 1e9 Please cite this article in press as: Dwiartama, A., Resilience and transformation of the New Zealand kiwifruit industry in the face of Psa-V disease, Journal of Rural Studies (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.03.002