Zoologischer Anzeiger 249 (2010) 121–137 Surface structures of the antenna of Mantophasmatodea (Insecta) Kai Drilling a,b , Klaus-Dieter Klass a,∗ a Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde, Königsbrücker Landstraße 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany b Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany Received 30 July 2009; received in revised form 26 June 2010; accepted 23 July 2010 Abstract The cuticular fine structure of the antenna in Mantophasmatodea (Austrophasmatidae: Hemilobophasma montaguense, Aus- trophasma gansbaaiense) is described based on SEM images. The armature of sensilla (=s.) on the basiflagellum (14 basal flagellomeres, the distal ones of which are subdivided) and distiflagellum (7 distal flagellomeres) differs strongly. A basiflag- ellomere has a sporadic vestiture of prominent s. chaetica B as well as distal s. scolopidia and scattered s. coeloconica. The distiflagellum also bears scattered s. chaetica B and s. coeloconica but is also densely covered with sensilla of various other types: numerous s. trichodea and s. basiconica, sporadic s. coelocapitula, and a probably new type of branched sensilla; the distiflagellum is probably the main sensory region, including gustatory and olfactory chemoreception, mechanoreception, and hygroreception. The scape and pedicel also bear s. chaetica B, and s. chaetica A arranged in 4 (scape) or 2 (pedicel) hair-plates. Terminal s. campaniformia are only found on the pedicel. A ‘dark spot’ is present apically on distiflagellomeres 6 (as reported previously) and 1. The two spots are of similar structure and are possibly associated with glands; each comprises a complicated external aperture and a larger internal pouch enclosing a cavity; projections protrude from the pouch walls into the cavity. The surface structure of the basiflagellomeres shows differences that are possibly species specific. An overview is given on antennal apomorphies in Mantophasmatodea. © 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Keywords: Sensilla; Hair-plate; Gland; Sculpture; Flagellum; Articulation; Morphology 1. Introduction The insect order Mantophasmatodea (heelwalkers, glad- iators) was introduced by Klass et al. (2002). Meanwhile 16 extant species of these wingless insectivorous predators are formally described (list in Damgaard et al., 2008). Their classification into genera and families is mainly based on gen- italic morphology and phylogenetic analyses of molecular data (Klass et al., 2003; Damgaard et al., 2008). Extant rep- resentatives are restricted to Africa south of the equator, with ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 351 7958414333; fax: +49 351 7958414327. E-mail addresses: kai.drilling@senckenberg.de (K. Drilling), klaus.klass@senckenberg.de (K.-D. Klass). strong species-level endemism in South Africa and Namibia. However, the presence of fossil species in Eocene Baltic amber (Zompro, 2001, 2005, 2008; Engel and Grimaldi, 2004; Arillo and Engel, 2006; Damgaard et al., 2008) and in the Jurassic of China (Huang et al., 2008) demonstrates that Mantophasmatodea also occurred in the northern hemisphere in their earlier evolutionary history. Mantophasmatodea is clearly a subgroup of Neoptera (Klass et al., 2002, 2003; Klass, 2007; Beutel and Gorb, 2006) but its relationships to other principal neopteran lineages have remained unclear. Results of molecular studies suggested a sistergroup relationship either to Notoptera (=Grylloblat- todea; Terry and Whiting, 2005; Kjer et al., 2006) or to Phasmatodea (Cameron et al., 2006). Morphological charac- ters are inconsistent (Klass et al., 2003; Klass, 2007, 2009). 0044-5231/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2010.07.001