Volume 8 • Issue 1 • 1000408 J Vet Sci Technol, an open access journal ISSN: 2157-7579 Open Access Review Article Ayele et al., J Vet Sci Technol 2017, 8:1 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000408 *Corresponding author: Lama Yimer, Wollega University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nekemte, Ethiopia, Tel: +251917081237; E-mail: lemayimer@gmail.com Received October 05, 2016; Accepted December 15, 2016; Published January 02, 2017 Citation: Ayele L, Mohammed C, Yimer L (2017) Review on Diagnostic Cytology: Techniques and Applications in Veterinary Medicine. J Vet Sci Technol 8: 408. doi: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000408 Copyright: © 2017 Ayele L, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Cytology is a science of cells that is used to differentiate between normal cells, neoplastic cells and infamed cells. It has great acceptance than any other diagnostic methods due to its quickness, inexpensiveness and simplicity. It uses the techniques such as fne needle aspiration, impression, scraping, swabs, centesis and catheterization for sample collection. Also slide preparation uses a simple technique such as squash, blood smear; needle spread and line smear techniques. What makes cytology unique is that it can tell us the result of the diseases while the patient is with us. This science has also wide application on determining the external and internal diseases including neoplastic diseases. In case of neoplastic diseases it is important to differentiate between neoplastic nucleus, neoplastic cytoplasm and neoplastic structure of different cells with their normal cells. In addition to these, it also used in direct therapy, to form prognosis and to determinate next diagnostic procedures. Character of the lesion and tissue sampled play pivotal roles in the diagnostic value of cytology. Familiarity with preferred sampling methods and reported accuracy is critical for veterinary practitioners and sample of good quality is imperative. Different specimen sampling methods and specimen processing methods should be properly practiced. Review on Diagnostic Cytology: Techniques and Applications in Veterinary Medicine Lema Ayele, Chala Mohammed and Lama Yimer* School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia Keywords: Diagnostic; Cytology; Techniques; Tumor Introduction Te history of diagnostic cytology is like a winding road with many obstacles, but to the attentive traveler–the historian–brightly illuminated directional signs and familiar names are visible in the distance. Until the 19th century, microscopy was not respected in medicine. Such giants in pathology as the Italian Morgagni (1682- 1771), the British Baillie (1761-1823), and the French Bichat (1771- 1802), did not appreciate the utility of the microscope. Johannes Müller (1801-1858), a pathologist in Berlin, was the frst, in 1838, to show cancer cells as they appeared in the microscope on scrapings from the cut surface of surgically excised tumors. He illustrated, among other things, cells of mammary carcinoma and osteosarcoma [1]. Te 1920s were momentous years in diagnostic cytology. Te frst monograph of clinical cytology was published in Spain [2]. James Ewing (1866- 1943) introduced aspiration cytology in New York City [3] And Aurel Babes (1886-1961), of Rumania, and George Papanicolaou (1883-1962), of New York City, published papers on detection of uterine cervical cancers by examination of vaginal smears [4]. In the 1960s, cytology became accepted as a new specialty in pathology. During the next two decades, cytology branched out to all felds in medicine [5]. Cytology of even the most uncommon tumors became familiar to cytologists [6]. New and improved imaging techniques in radiology permitted rapid advances in aspiration cytology. Hitherto untouched, deeply situated organs such as the pancreas became easy targets for the aspirators [7]. Te frst monograph on aspiration cytology was published in 1974 by a Swedish hematologist– cytologist [8] and a guide book on aspiration cytology was published in the United States in 1981 [9]. Diagnostic cytology is the science of interpretation of cells that are either exfoliated from epithelial surfaces or removed from various tissues [10,11]. It is a core veterinary pathology service involving specimens from domestic animals, laboratory animals, and exotic species. It can be carried out by diferent methods, which includes collection and examination of exfoliated cells such as vaginal swabs, sputum, urine, body fuids etc [12,13]. Unlike histopathology, cytology poorly diferentiates tumors, cytological examination may not identify the tissue of origin (even diferentiation between sarcomas and carcinomas can sometimes be extremely difcult). Cytology, therefore, should not be regarded as a substitute for histopathological examination of biopsy specimens. Histology is more likely to provide a defnitive diagnosis and, since biopsies preserve tissue architecture, grading and classifcation of the tumor is usually possible [14]. Te advantages of diagnostic cytology is that it is a non-invasive, simple procedure, helps in faster reporting, relatively inexpensive, has high population acceptance and facilitates cancer screening in the feld. Many samples for cytology can be obtained without anesthesia or even sedation, with minimal risk in both healthy and critical patients [15]. With the increasing availability of ultrasonographic, many more internal organs and tissues can be evaluated than previously were accessible [16]. In many cases, a defnitive cytological diagnosis can be made. However, even when a specifc diagnosis cannot be rendered, the information provided by cytology (e.g., infammatory versus neoplasia) is useful for choosing additional tests to make a defnitive diagnosis (e.g., culture versus histopathology) [17]. So far, some work had been reported regarding diagnostic cytology in the World, but still the information on the role, application and techniques of diagnostic cytology is scattered and its applications and techniques particularly in veterinary medicine is not well documented Tese existing scattered information and diferent research outputs are J o u r n a l o f V e t e r i n a r y S c i e n c e & T e c h n o l o g y ISSN: 2157-7579 o J r u n l a o f V e t e r i n a r y S c i e n c e & T e c h n l o g o y ISSN: 2157-7579 Journal of V Journal of Veterinary Science & eterinary Science & Technology echnology