Lesbians and bisexual women and men have higher scores on the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) than heterosexual counterparts Tiffany D. Russell ⁎, Victoria Pocknell, Alan R. King University of North Dakota, Psychology Department, Corwin-Larimore Hall, 319 Harvard St., P.O. Box 8380, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8380, United States abstract article info Article history: Received 11 November 2016 Received in revised form 25 January 2017 Accepted 25 January 2017 Available online xxxx The Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) is an assessment instrument included with the DSM-5's hybrid model of personality disorders. It includes 25 personality facets comprising 5 domains. This research continues validating the instrument by testing disparities between LGB and heterosexual individuals' PID-5 scores and po- tential diagnostic classifications. Because no other DSM editions have included LGB personality disorder preva- lence rates, this research also addresses a gap in the literature by including early epidemiological data using the new hybrid model. This study included US women and men (N = 1024; 533 females) who were recruited online. Lesbians and bi- sexual women and men had greater scores on several PID-5 domains and facets relative to heterosexual peers. Additionally, using t-scores normed with a national sample, lesbians and bisexual individuals were classified into personality disorder diagnostic categories more often than heterosexual counterparts. This disparity was es- pecially pronounced in bisexual women, who had significantly greater prevalence rates than heterosexual women in 7 of 10 diagnostic categories. Unexpectedly, gay men had scores similar to those of heterosexual men. These findings are a necessary first step in establishing personality disorder prevalence rates for LGB people, and they demonstrate the need for personality disorder research in LGB populations. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) Personality disorders Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) mental health Personality disorder prevalence rates DSM model of personality disorders Personality psychology Clinical personality psychology 1. Introduction The association between sexual orientation and psychiatric symp- tom clusters is well established in the literature. Relative to heterosexu- al peers, LGB people are 3–4 times more likely to develop two or more psychological disorders (Cochran, Sullivan, & Mays, 2003), 2.5 times more likely to attempt suicide, and at least 1.5 times more likely to be diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and/or substance abuse (King et al., 2008). No single factor explains these prevalence rates, but there is a strong link between psychological disorders and sexual orientation- related trauma (Cochran, 2001). Approximately 42% of LGB men and women report discrimination based on sexual orientation (Mays & Cochran, 2001), and 75% of elderly LGB individuals describe at least one occurrence of sexual orientation-related victimization in their life- time (D'Augelli & Grossman, 2001). Because of these types of LGB- specific factors, psychological symptom onset usually occurs earlier, morbidity is often greater, and symptom expression tends to differ in LGB populations (Cochran, 2001). LGB clients also have greater borderline personality disorder (BPD) prevalence rates than heterosexual counterparts. This appears partially attributable to childhood maltreatment (Paris, Zweig-Frank, & Guzder, 1995), peer victimization (Kalichman et al., 2001), diagnostic bias (Eubanks-Carter & Goldfried, 2006), and heteronormative diagnostic criteria (e.g., identity disturbance) being applied to clients presenting for sexual orientation-related issues (Silverstein, 1988). These BPD find- ings are necessary and important, but the same attention has not been paid to the remaining nine personality disorders (PDs). Consequently, with the exception of one cautionary note regarding BPD and emotional instability in non-heterosexual adolescents and young adults, the DSM- 5 does not document PD prevalence in LGB clients. To begin addressing this gap in the literature, the goal of the present study is to establish estimates of prevalence rate disparities between LGB people and het- erosexual peers utilizing the DSM-5's hybrid diagnostic model and mea- surement instrument, the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5; Krueger , Derringer, Markon, Watson, & Skodol, 2012). 2. DSM-5 hybrid model for personality disorder diagnosis In the Emerging Measures and Models section of the DSM-5 (Section III), the DSM Personality and Personality Disorders (PPD) Workgroup proposed a hybrid model for PD diagnosis in upcoming DSM revisions. Personality and Individual Differences 110 (2017) 119–124 ⁎ Corresponding author at: Psychology Department, University of North Dakota, P.O. Box 8380, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8380, United States. E-mail address: tiffany.russell@und.edu (T.D. Russell). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paid http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.039 0191-8869 © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.