© The Polish Journal of Aviation Medicine, Bioengineering and Psychology 2019 | Volume 25 | Issue 4 | 27 REVIEW ARTICLE Pol J Aviat Med Bioeng Psychol 2019; 25(4): 27-34 DOI: 10.13174/pjambp.07.09.2022.04 References: 43  Full-text PDF: hƩp://www.pjambp.com  Copyright © 2022 Polish AviaƟon Medicine Society, ul. Krasińskiego 54/56, 01-755 Warsaw, license WIML  IndexaƟon: Index Copernicus, Polish Ministry of Science and Higher EducaƟon This is an open-access arƟcle distributed under the terms of the CreaƟve Commons AƩribuƟon Non-commercial License (hƩp://creaƟvecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits use, distribuƟon, and reproducƟon in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. MORAL INJURIES, PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH AS A POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCE OF SOLDIERS’ AND CIVILIANS’ PARTICIPATION IN TRAUMATIC SITUATIONS Author’s address: Olaf E. TRUSZCZYŃSKI InsƟtute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland O. Truszczyński, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5 Street, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: olaf1960@wp.pl Abstract: Own sources. Source of support: This paper addresses the psychological consequences associated with experiencing traumatic events during warfare. The negative aspect of these experiences is discussed, which should be associated with post-traumatic stress syndrome, but also with the possibility of “moral injury” that may occur as a result of transgression of ethical and cultural norms. The positive aspect of traumatic events is also presented, which is con- nected with the possibility of increased psychological resilience, as well as experience of “post-traumatic growth” understood as experiencing positive psychological change as a result of coping with very difcult life circumstances. traumatic stress, moral injury, psychological resilience, post-traumatic growth Keywords: