Citation: Wahyudi, R.D.; Singgih, M.L.; Suef, M. Investigation of Product–Service System Components as Control Points for Value Creation and Development Process. Sustainability 2022, 14, 16216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su142316216 Academic Editors: Jose Luis Duarte Ribeiro and Janine Fleith de Medeiros Received: 9 November 2022 Accepted: 2 December 2022 Published: 5 December 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). sustainability Article Investigation of Product–Service System Components as Control Points for Value Creation and Development Process Rahman Dwi Wahyudi 1,2 , Moses Laksono Singgih 1, * and Mokh Suef 1 1 Department of Industrial and System Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia 2 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia * Correspondence: moseslsinggih@ie.its.ac.id Abstract: Since the early 2000s, product–service systems (PSS) have become a research concern because the benefits provided cover many aspects. PSS is divided into three types, namely, Type 1: product-oriented, Type 2: use-oriented, and Type 3: result-oriented. PSS is a system comprising different components. As a system compiler, the components are the starting point for the value- creation process and continue to impact the PSS’s life cycle. However, elaboration of PSS components in previous studies has lacked. This situation indicates an urgent need to investigate PSS components and, thus, our evaluations of the value creation and the developmental processes of PSS seek to be broad and divergent. The investigation that forms the purpose of this article includes an elaboration of the PSS components, a calculation of the PSS components’ importance levels, statistical testing of the differences in importance levels due to PSS type, correlation testing between components, and a determination of the PSS components concerning the sustainability aspect based on the perspective of customers. The investigation began with the development of a questionnaire and a reliability–validity test. In addition, we identify the PSS components, test the difference in importance level using the Mann–Whitney test, and survey customers to determine the sustainability-related components. This article’s findings can be used to specify the critical point for value creation and PSS development. The elaborated PSS components are products, services, actors, stakeholder relationships, and technology. The difference in importance level indicates that PSS Type 2 customers perceive a distinction in the importance of technology. The essential components of each type of PSS are distinct, necessitating the use of different development strategies, including for sustainability aspects. Keywords: product–service systems; components; value creation; control point; consumer behavior 1. Introduction Pressure from the competition and rapid technological changes have forced the manu- facturing industry to regard service as an added value and product differentiator [1]. The trend of service involvement in value creation in the manufacturing industry has given rise to the term “servitization”. Servitization increasingly requires manufacturers to transition from product to product and service integration [2]. Service has shown its contribution to value creation on a non-price basis [3], increasing a firm’s economic value [4] and increasing customer loyalty [5]. Based on these benefits, PSS is growing as a manifestation of the integration of products and services [6]. According to the typology, there are three types of PSS, namely Type 1: product-oriented, Type 2: use-oriented, and Type 3: result-oriented [7]. In the product-oriented type, the proportion of products is more significant than the service. In the result-oriented type, the service is prominent. While in the use-oriented type, the balance of products and services is flexible. Although each has a different characteristic, the three types of PSS can form a strategic innovation for manufacturing [8]. PSS is an integrated system of products, services, support networks, and infrastructure designed to meet customer needs, increase competitiveness, and impose a lower environmental im- pact than traditional business models [9]. The PSS business model increases collaboration Sustainability 2022, 14, 16216. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316216 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability