Research Article Open Access Molecular Biomarkers & Diagnosis Ahmadian et al., J Mol Biomark Diagn 2014, 5:3 http://10.4172/2155-9929.1000171 Volume 5 • Issue 3 • 1000171 J Mol Biomark Diagn ISSN:2155-9929 JMBD an open access journal *Corresponding author: Davood Zaeif, Department of Biology, Tonekabon branch, Islamic Azad university of Tonekabon, Tonekabon, Iran, Tel:984271104; E-mail: gene_d.zaeif@hotmail.com Received January 31, 2014; Accepted February 19, 2014; Published February 22, 2014 Citation: Ahmadian S, Delavari G, Ghanbari D, Zaeif D (2014) D3 as a Possible Marker Based on D1-D4 Dopamine Receptors Expression in Paranoid Schizophrenia Patients. J Mol Biomark Diagn 5: 171. doi:10.4172/2155- 9929.1000171 Copyright: © 2014 Ahmadian S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Keywords: Dopamine receptors; Gene expression; Paranoid schizophrenia; Real-time PCR Introduction Paranoid schizophrenia is one of several types of schizophrenia, a chronic mental illness in which a person loses touch with reality. Te classic features of paranoid schizophrenia are having delusions and hearing things that aren't real. Recent progress in molecular biology and imaging techniques has enabled new insight for schizophrenia research, but these methods are still limited by their availability and ofen reveal inconsistent results. Dopamine (DA) is a Catecholamine neurotransmitter, moreover is the most abundant neurotransmitters in CNS of animals. Dopamine, together with other catecholamine such as norepinephrine, is also a critical transmitter in sympato adrenergic terminals. Such terminals lie in close contact with immune cells in lymphoid organs and there is increasing evidence which points to the ability of dopamine to afect immune cell function [1]. Dopamine receptors are integral membrane proteins that interact with G proteins to transduce dopamine stimulation into intracellular responses. Dopaminergic neurons in the human central nervous system are involved in the control of motor activity and in emotional and cognitive processes [2]. Te human genome is known to contain fve genes encoding the functional dopamine receptors, DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DRD5 and two genes highly homologous to the DRD5 encoding the pseudogenes [3-5]. Te expression of the dopamine receptors is well characterized in the brain but little work has been done to examine the expression in other tissue organs. Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes (PBL) expresses dopamine receptors and dopamine transporters and synthesizes endogenous dopamine and the related catecholamine norepinephrine and epinephrine through tyrosine hydroxylase dependent pathway [5]. Interestingly, dysfunction of dopaminergic pathways in PBL has been reported in neurological disorders characterized by dysfunctional central dopaminergic neurotransmission such as peripheral dopaminergic [6]. Although, it is yet unclear whether they simply mirror dysfunctional dopaminergic mechanisms or primarily refect a dynamic interaction between the central nervous system and circulating immune cells. It has been proposed that neurotransmitter expression in peripheral immune cells refects expression of these receptors in the brain. Te purposes of this study were to examine if the mRNA of peripheral dopamine receptor is statically changed in paranoid schizophrenia, and whether or not these receptors have some value as a potential peripheral marker refecting central one in paranoid schizophrenia. Materials and Methods Study design Te total number of subjects was 87 paranoid schizophrenia patients. 22 of them were chronic who had been taking antipsychotic drugs for more than 3 years (drug-med patients), 15 were drug- free who had not taken antipsychotic drugs for more than 3 months (drug-free patients), and 5 were drug-naïve who had never taken antipsychotic drugs (drug-naïve patients). For the controls, age and sex matched 20 healthy persons were enrolled. All patients fulflled the DSM-IV criteria and the patients with a previous history of neurologic, neuropsychologic, medical, and surgical disease were excluded. Quantitation of dopamine receptor RNA Preparation of blood lymphocyte: 2 ml of peripheral blood samples were placed in 200 µl EDTA 0.05M falcon gradients and centrifuged in 2500 rpm for 20minutes. Upper layer moved in new falcon and washed by v/v PBS; then centrifuged in 1500 rpm for 10 minutes for two times. Separation of lymphocytes did not done laterthan one hour afer drawing blood [7]. D3 as a Possible Marker Based on D1-D4 Dopamine Receptors Expression in Paranoid Schizophrenia Patients Sorour Ahmadian 1 , Ghazal Delavari 2 , Donya Ghanbari 2 and Davood Zaeif 1 * 1 Department of Biology, Tonekabon branch, Islamic Azad university of Tonekabon,Tonekabon, Iran 2 Institute of Molecular diagnostic and Microbial research center of BioBarcode, Tehran, Iran Abstract Paranoid schizophrenia is one of several types of schizophrenia, a chronic mental illness in which a person loses touch with reality. The classic features of paranoid schizophrenia are having delusions and hearing things that aren’t real. Based on Numerous studies about dopamine and schizophrenia, it suggested that changes in the dopamine systems are in related with schizophrenia, but still there is no clear direct evidence for dopamine hypothesis in schizophrenia. In terminated examination, 20 paranoid schizophrenia patients mRNA from white blood cells extracted, then cDNA were synthesized. After Quantitive Real-time PCR examination with the related primaries for D1-D4 receptors were terminated and the compared consequences in abundance of genes expression with the normal samples reveal that D1-D4 dopamine receptors were expressed in all samples. Abundance of normal individuals were D1 100%, D2 6.6%, D3 40%, D4 86.6% and for patients were D1 100%, D2 26.6%, D3 33.3%, D4 73.3%. The results of this study reveals signifcant differences between D3 receptor apply to others. Therefore D3 has a possible clinical signifcance for using as rapid diagnosis of people who suspicious of paranoid schizophrenia.