363 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 N. Rezaei (ed.), Cancer Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57949-4_15 Immunopathology of Bone and Connective Tissue Cancers and Immunotherapy of Sarcomas Sumana Narayanan and Joseph J. Skitzki Contents 15.1 Introduction 364 15.2 Coley’s Toxin and Toll-Like Receptors 364 15.3 Sarcoma Antigens as Targets for Immunotherapy 366 15.3.1 NY-ESO-1 366 15.3.2 SSX 366 15.3.3 ALK 367 15.3.4 HHV8 367 15.4 Preclinical Models of Immunotherapy for Sarcoma 368 15.4.1 Methylcholanthrene (MCA) 368 15.4.2 p53 and Nf1 368 15.5 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma 369 15.6 Clinical Applications of Immunotherapy for Sarcoma 369 15.6.1 Adoptive Cell Therapy 370 15.6.1.1 Lymphokine-Activated Killers (LAKs) 370 15.6.1.2 Cytokine-Induced Killers (CIKs) 370 15.6.1.3 Natural Killers (NKs) 371 15.6.1.4 Engineered T-Cells 371 15.6.1.5 Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) 371 15.6.2 Sarcoma Immunotherapy of the Future: CTLA-4 and PD-1 Manipulation 372 15.6.2.1 CTLA-4 372 15.6.2.2 PD-1 372 15.6.2.3 Other Checkpoint Inhibitors 373 15.7 Concluding Remarks 373 References 373 S. Narayanan Department of Surgical Oncology, Mount Sinai, Miami, FL, USA J. J. Skitzki (*) Department of Surgical Oncology, Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA e-mail: joseph.skitzki@roswellpark.org 15