IoT solutions for Sustainable Cities: An Online Adaptation for the Driver Intent Inference Algorithm Salom´ on Torres *†§ , Sandra C´ espedes ‡§ , Javier Bustos-Jim´ enez § , Martin Serrano † , * Department of Computer Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8370456, Chile. † NUI Galway – IoT Unit, Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Galway, Ireland. ‡ Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8370451, Chile § NIC Chile Research Labs, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8370403, Chile. salomon.torres@insight-centre.org, {scespedes,jbustos}@niclabs.cl, martin.serrano@insight-centre.org Abstract—In this paper we introduce an adaptation to the “driver intent inference algorithm for urban intersections”. This algorithm has been proven to detect potential right turns of vehicles by estimating the probability of a driver to turn right, and we propose to use it for reducing the number of cycling deaths at an intersection. We extend this algorithm following the IoT design principles and thus, with this approach, cyclists’ safety no longer depends only on actions taken inside the vehicles, but also can use additional safety solutions based on standards and available information shared about the vehicles and drivers in vehicular networks. Our approach proposes to process the inference algorithm outside the vehicle, considering cloud and edge computing. We use predicting models for identifying driver’s intention of turning right at intersections and the use of edge connected devices running our algorithm for alerting cyclists of possible collisions, thus preventing as many collisions as possible in intersections. Index Terms—Sustainable cities, Internet of Things applica- tion, Road safety, Vulnerable road users, Online processing, IoT data management aspects. I. I NTRODUCTION The newly adopted 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Develop- ment has set an ambitious target of halving the global number of deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes by 2020. Without sustained action, road traffic crashes are predicted to become the seventh leading cause of death by 2030. The security of Vulnerable Road Users is important to the World Health Organization, which in the Global Status report on road safety 2015 [1], states that “the mortality of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs), i.e., pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists is intolerably high and needs to be addressed”. The report includes information from 180 countries, informing that the worldwide total number of road traffic deaths has plateaued at 1.25 million per year, where 4% are cyclists. Making walking and cycling safer is critical for reducing the number of road traffic deaths and is essential for achieving the Decade of This work has been supported in part by the Insight Centre for Data Analytics supported by SFI under Grant Number SFI/12/RC/2289 and the ACTIVAGE project EU-H2020 grant number 732679, and in part by the NIC Chile Research Labs. Action for Road Safety’s aim to promote non-motorized forms of transport [2]. TABLE I WORLD TRAFFIC DEATH BY REGION.SOURCE WHO REPORT [1] Death Region Population Traffic Cyclist % Cyclists Western Pacific 1,700,000,000 294100 7% 20587 African 1,225,080,510 325871 4% 13034 Southeast Asia 1,941,775,797 330101 3% 9903 The Americas 1,001,559,000 159247 3% 4777 Eastern Med 651,529,000 129654 3% 3889 European 743,704,000 69164 4% 2766 Table I shows each world’s region death cyclists percentage, where the Western Pacific region presents the higher number. The total cyclists’ deaths by region are considerably high in the Western Pacific and African regions in contrast with European and Eastern Mediterranean regions. This information shows that compared to high-income countries where cycling infrastructure is more developed, low- and middle-income countries have the most cyclists’ deaths. Nevertheless, the total number of death cyclists in every region deserves attention. For example, according to the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1 (NHTSA), in its report “Traffic Safety Facts 2015” [3] states that 818 pedal-cyclists were killed. Among those, 27% of killed pedal-cyclist where killed at an intersection. Vehicular networks are a particular domain area where the Internet of Things technologies (IoT) have an opportunity to improve the design and operation of safety applications. In this domain, it is also considered the use of edge and cloud computing, so that the use of vehicular data such as speed and positioning can be extended as part of novel solutions. IoT technologies will be part of the full stack [4], from new devices running the vehicular network protocols to standard exchangeable IoT data for vehicular networks. With this IoT Architectural new approach, the safety and security of cyclists 1 See https://www.nhtsa.gov/ 978-1-5386-4980-0/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 976