IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-3 (2016) 249–254
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
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2405-8963 © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Peer review under responsibility of International Federation of Automatic Control.
10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.042
© 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Eco-Speed Control; Connected Vehicle; Fuel Consumption; Vehicle Dynamics Model; Signalized
Intersection.
1. INTRODUCTION
With the development of information and communication
technology, connectivity between vehicles and between
vehicles and transportation infrastructure was made possible.
For instance, information of signal phasing and timing
(SPaT), location and speed of vehicles could be easily
transmitted and exploited for any application. Studies showed
that vehicle fuel consumption levels in the vicinity of
signalized intersections are dramatically increased due to
vehicles’ deceleration and acceleration (Barth et al., 2008; H.
Rakha et al., 2003). During the past decades, many studies
have focused on changing traffic signal timings to optimize
vehicles’ delay and fuel levels (Li et al., 2004; Stevanovic et
al., 2009). Recently, researchers attempted to use connected
vehicles and infrastructure technologies to develop eco-
driving strategies that are more fuel-efficient. One of such
applications is the Eco-Speed Control (ESC) which was
developed to optimize individual vehicle fuel consumption by
recommending a fuel-efficient trajectory using advanced
information from surrounding vehicles and upcoming
signalized intersections (Rakha et al., 2012).
Various ESC algorithms were developed in recent years.
Malakorn and Park proposed a cooperative adaptive cruise
control system by using SPaT to minimize absolute
acceleration levels of vehicles and reduce fuel consumption
level (Malakorn et al., 2010). Kamalanathsharma and Rakha
developed a dynamic programming based fuel-optimization
strategy using recursive path-finding principles, and
evaluated the developed strategy using an agent-based
modelling approach (R. Kamalanathsharma et al., 2014).
Asadi and Vahidi proposed a schedule optimization algorithm
to allocate “green-windows” for vehicles to pass through a
series of consecutive signalized intersections (Asadi et al.,
2011).
Most of ESC algorithms are developed and tested in a traffic
simulation environment where vehicles are forced to follow
the recommended speed as calculated by the ESC algorithms.
However, many problems that are not treated in simulation
software need to be solved in order to implement ESC in the
field, such as communication latency, system malfunction,
data collection error, driver perception/reaction delay, driver
distraction resulting from following posted recommended
speed, etc. Few studies attempted to investigate the potentials
of implementing ESC in the field. For instance, Barth and
Xia developed a dynamic eco-driving system and conducted
a field test on arterial roads (Barth et al., 2011; Xia, 2014).
However, vehicle fuel consumption is not explicitly
considered in their algorithm objective function. Instead, their
algorithm attempts to optimize vehicle acceleration and
deceleration profiles to minimize the total tractive power
demand and the idling time so that the fuel consumption
levels are also reduced (Barth et al., 2011).
This paper describes the preliminary field-controlled tests of
an ESC algorithm developed to provide a “fuel-optimized”
speed profile from upstream to downstream of a signalized
intersection. In the tested algorithm, minimizing the fuel
consumption level from upstream to downstream of the
intersection is set as the objective function, and various
constraints are constructed using the relationship between
Abstract: This paper develops and addresses the implementation issues associated with the field application of an
Eco-Speed Control (ESC) system that computes and recommends a fuel-efficient trajectory to drivers using signal
timing and phasing data received from downstream-signalized intersections. From an algorithmic standpoint, the
proposed process addresses the possible scenarios that a driver may encounter while approaching a signalized
intersection. Alternatively, from an implementation standpoint the paper overcomes the challenges associated with
communication latency, data errors, real-time computation, and smoothness of the drive in developing the system.
The Virginia Smart Road connected vehicle controlled facility at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI)
was used to conduct a preliminary proof-of-concept testing of the proposed ESC system. The testing included driving
on downhill and uphill approaches for four red indication offset values. In total 192 trips were conducted using four
different participants. The analyzed data indicate that the proposed system is very promising, producing an average
reduction in fuel consumption levels and travel times in the range of 17.4 and 8.4 percent, respectively.
*Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
(e-mail: hchen@vtti.vt.edu; hrakha@vtti.vt.edu; IEl-Shawarby@vtti.vt.edu; almannaa@vt.edu ).
** Université de Tunis El Manar, Ecole Nationale d'ingénieur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
(e-mail: amlouliz@vtti.vt.edu).
Hao Chen*, Hesham A. Rakha*, Amara Loulizi**, Ihab El-Shawarby* and Mohammed H. Almannaa*
Development and Preliminary Field Testing of an In-Vehicle Eco-Speed Control
System in the Vicinity of Signalized Intersections