a
Plantation Labour and Economie Crisis in Cameroon
Piet Konings
ABSTRACT
The few existing studies on the response of labour to the economie crisis and
structural adjustment in African countries tend to focus on the (oppositionat)
relations between the state and central labour organizations. They largely
ignore the response of workers and unions at the workplace. This article
describes how workers and unions in the tea estates of Cameroon have dealt
with the economie crisis and structural adjustment. It shows that the workers
have adopted various strategies to cope with the structural adjustment
measures planned and implemented by the management in close co-operation
with the state-controlled unions. Two striking facts to emerge from the
analysis are that the majority of the estate workers have never completely
abandoned their 'traditional' militancy, and that gender differences in the
degree and modes of labour resistance tend to be slight.
J
For many years, the economy of Cameroon was viewed as one of the rare
success stories in Africa. This assessment was not without foundation:
Cameroon's economie performance was quite impressive, registering a
phenomenal growth rate of 6-7 per cent during the period 1970-86 (Jua,
1991). However, as Hugon (1968) was the first to point out, this optimistic
view tended to ignore certain weaknesses in the domestic economy which
constantly threatened the 'growth miracle', particularly the economy's
almost complete dependence on the export of agricultural raw materials
and—more recently—of oil.
This particular weakness became increasingly manifest from the mid-
1980s onwards, when the sharp fall in the prices of these commodities on the
world market, together with the 40 per cent depreciation of the US dollar
relative to the CFA franc, plunged the domestic economy into severe crisis.
The Situation was worsened by large-scale mismanagement, embezzlement
and capital flight estimated at FCFA 150bn. a year—a quarter of the
annual national budget. Apparently, the much-trumpeted slogans of 'rigour
and moralization' which Paul Biya coined on succeeding Ahmadou Ahidjo
as President in 1982 had been nothing but lip-service. After some hesitation,
the government was forced to adopt a Structural Adjustment Plan (SAP) in
1988/89, which contained such conventional prescriptions as important cuts
in public expenditures, increased state revenues, privatization, rehabilitation
or elimination of almost all the nation's parastatals, as well as thorough-
going liberalization (van der Walle, 1990).
Development and Change Vol. 26 (1995), 525-549. © Institute of Social Studies 1995. Published
by Blackwell Publishers, 108 Cowley Rd, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK.