vamz / 3. serija / liv (2o21) 397 groblje, grobovi i dvije crkve u loboru ‒ neki problemi i rjesenja cemetery, graves and two churches in lobor ‒ problems and solutions krešimir filipec: groblje, grobovi i dvije crkve u loboru – neki problemi i rješenja Krešimir Filipec Arheološki zavod Filozofski fakultet Sveučilište u Zagrebu Ivana Lučića 3 HR – 10000 Zagreb kresimir.flipec@ffzg.hr Krešimir Filipec Archaeological Institute Faculty of Humanities and Social Studies University of Zagreb Ivana Lučića 3 HR – 10000 Zagreb kresimir.flipec@ffzg.hr UDK / UDC: UDK: 904:726.821(497.522 Lobor)"653" Prethodno priopćenje / Preliminary communication https://doi.org/10.52064/vamz.54.1.16 The paper discusses the graves around the pre-Romanesque ba- silica in Lobor, Our Lady of the Mountain. The main emphasis is on the graves in relation to the time when it was already demol- ished. After its demolition, the serial burial of the dead began in the ruins and their interior. According to the archaeological fnds, the layer of graves above the ruins could be dated throughout the 11 th century, and no later than the middle of the 13 th century, when not only a certain prosperity is evident, but also the fol- lowing of trends then present throughout the Pannonian Plain and surrounding areas, and a greater abundance of fnds in the graves, which had been present in smaller numbers in the ear- lier period, when graves were almost devoid of fnds. Thus, the discontinuity between the demolition of the pre-Romanesque church and the building of the late-Romanesque church extends from the frst third of the 11 th century to the middle of the 13 th . Chronologically, this could be connected with events relating to the re-entry of the Holy Roman Empire during the reign of Otto III in the second half of the 10 th century, or the time when the Hungarians frst occupied these areas south of the River Drava, possibly during the reign of the Hungarian King Stephen I, or per- haps the time after the death of the Croatian King Zvonimir (after 1089), when northern Croatia was occupied by the Hungarians. At the latest, this happened at the time of the Mongol invasion in 1242, but such an occurrence would be possible only if certain types of objects were extended to the 13 th century. Key words: cemetery, graves, 11 th – 13 th centuries, pre-Romanesque basilica, late-Roman- esque church U radu se raspravlja o grobovima oko predromaničke bazilike u Loboru, Majka Božja Gorska. Glavni je naglasak na grobovima vezanim uz vrijeme kada je ona već bila srušena. Nakon njenog rušenja počinje sukcesivno sahranjivanje mrtvih već po ruševi- ni i njenoj unutrašnjosti. Prema arheološkim predmetima, sloj grobova iznad ruševine mogao bi se datirati kroz cijelo 11. sto- ljeće, a najkasnije do sredine 13. stoljeća. To je vrijeme kad se primjećuje određeno blagostanje, ali također praćenje trendo- va tada prisutnih diljem Panonske nizine i okolnih krajeva, a koje karakterizira relativno velik broj predmeta u grobovima, što je sve bilo manje prisutno u ranijem dobu kad se u grobove nije unosilo gotovo ništa. Dakle, vrijeme diskontinuiteta, kad je predromanička bazilika bila porušena, a još nije bila sagrađena kasnoromanička crkva, proteže se od prve trećine 11. do sredine 13. stoljeća. Gledajući kronološki, taj bi se diskontinuitet mogao povezati s događajima vezanim uz ponovni ulazak Svetoga Rim- skog Carstva u vrijeme vladavine Otona III., u drugoj polovini 10. stoljeća u Panoniju, ili kad su Mađari teoretski prvi put zauzeli ove prostore južno od rijeke Drave, vjerojatno u doba ugarskog kralja Stjepana I., ili je možda riječ o vremenu nakon smrti hrvat- skog kralja Zvonimira (nakon 1089.), kad su sjevernu Hrvatsku zauzeli Mađari. Najkasnije se taj diskontinuitet mogao zbiti tek u vrijeme mongolske provale 1242., ali takvo što bilo bi moguće samo ako se pojedinim tipovima predmeta produži vijek traja- nja do 13. stoljeća. Ključne riječi: srednjovjekovno groblje, grobovi, 11. – 13. stoljeće, predromanička bazilika, kasnoromanička crkva Uvod U Loboru, na lokalitetu Majka Božja Gorska, u ranome srednjem vijeku bile su podignute dvije crkve, drvena crkva i predroma- nička bazilika (sl. 1). Stajale su jedna uz drugu, ali oko preciznije datacije njihove izgradnje postoje mnoge nedoumice. Prema Introduction Two churches were built in the early Middle Ages in Lobor, at the site of the Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Mountain: a wooden church and a pre-Romanesque basilica (Fig. 1). They stood next to each other, but there are many problems with more precise