Citation: Przybyl, W.; Mazurczuk, R.;
Kalinowski, A.; Bogdanowicz, K.A.
Gaussian Model of Anti-Radar
Properties for Coatings Based on
Carbonyl Iron Powder. Materials 2023,
16, 3050. https://doi.org/
10.3390/ma16083050
Academic Editor: Nicholas Fantuzzi
Received: 7 March 2023
Revised: 30 March 2023
Accepted: 11 April 2023
Published: 12 April 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
materials
Article
Gaussian Model of Anti-Radar Properties for Coatings Based on
Carbonyl Iron Powder
Wojciech Przybyl
1,
* , Robert Mazurczuk
1
, Artur Kalinowski
2
and Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz
1,
*
1
Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136, 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland
2
Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Al. 1000-lecia P. P. 7,
25-314 Kielce, Poland
* Correspondence: przybyl@witi.wroc.pl (W.P.); bogdanowicz@witi.wroc.pl (K.A.B.)
Abstract: The article presents the Gaussian model of the electromagnetic radiation attenuation
properties of two resin systems containing 75% or 80% of a carbonyl iron load as an absorber in the
4–18 GHz range. For the attenuation values obtained in the laboratory, mathematical fitting was
performed in the range of 4–40 GHz to visualize the full curve characteristics. The simulated curves
fitted up to a 0.998 R
2
value of the experimental results. The in depth analysis of the simulated spectra
allowed a thorough evaluation of the influence of the type of resin, absorber load, and layer thickness
on reflection loss parameters such as the maximum attenuation, peak position, half-height width, and
base slope of the peak. The simulated results were convergent with the literature findings, allowing a
much deeper analysis. This confirmed that the suggested Gaussian model could provide additional
information, useful in terms of comparative analyses of datasets.
Keywords: radar absorption; carbonyl iron coatings; military application; epoxy resin
1. Introduction
Today’s armed conflicts, especially full-scale ones, confirm that the use of armored
weapons, gun and rocket artillery, and aviation is essential to achieve operational and
tactical goals. The basis for the effectiveness of these types of weapons is effective recon-
naissance [1]. Thanks to the widespread use of various sensors, recognition is carried out
with a wide range of electromagnetic radiation (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Scheme of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.
Optical and thermal bands are usually used for closer ranges, whilst radar bands
are commonly used for longer ranges. The radar range covers wavelengths from a few
millimeters to several meters and is divided into a number of bands, depending on the
propagation properties (Table 1).
Materials 2023, 16, 3050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083050 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/materials