Citation: Maré, J.-C. A Preliminary
Top-Down Parametric Design of
Electromechanical Actuator Position
Control. Aerospace 2022, 9, 314.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
aerospace9060314
Academic Editor: Gianpietro Di Rito
Received: 28 March 2022
Accepted: 6 June 2022
Published: 9 June 2022
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aerospace
Article
A Preliminary Top-Down Parametric Design of
Electromechanical Actuator Position Control
Jean-Charles Maré
INSA-Institut Clément Ader (CNRS UMR 5312), 31400 Toulouse, France; jean-charles.mare@insa-toulouse.fr
Abstract: A top-down process is proposed and virtually validated for the position control of elec-
tromechanical actuators (EMA) that use conventional cascade controllers. It aims at facilitating the
early design phases of a project by providing a straightforward mean that requires simple algebraic
calculations only, from the specified performance and the top-level EMA design parameters. This
makes it possible to include realistic control considerations in the preliminary sizing and optimisa-
tion phase. The position, speed and current controllers are addressed in sequence. This top-down
process is based on the generation and use of charts that define the optimal position gain, speed loop
second-order damping factor and natural frequency with respect to the specified performance of the
position loop. For each loop, the control design formally specifies the required dynamics and the
digital implementation of the following inner loop. A noncausal flow chart summarises the equations
used and the interdependencies between data. This potentially allows changing which ones are used
as inputs. The process is virtually validated using the example of a flight control actuator. This is
achieved with resort to the simulation of a realistic lumped-parameter model, which includes any
significant functional and parasitic effects. The virtual tests are run following a bottom–up approach
to highlight the pursuit and rejection performance. Using low-, medium- and high-excitation mag-
nitudes, they show the robustness of the controllers against nonlinearities. Finally, the simulation
results confirm the soundness of the proposed process.
Keywords: actuator; aerospace; electromechanical; flight control; friction; modelling; position control;
preliminary design; simulation; validation
1. Introduction
The last decade has seen significant progress in electromechanical technology for actu-
ation. In the range of some kilowatts or some tens of kilonewtons, they provide attractive
solutions compared with the servohydraulic (or so-called conventional) technology [1].
This evolution is particularly observed in aerospace, which is looking for greener actuation
for flight controls, landing gears and engines.
For many applications, electromechanical actuators (EMAs) have already reached
the highest technology readiness level, TRL9, which enables them to be put into service.
However, it appears that EMAs for aerospace cannot be standardised easily, as opposed
to those devoted to industrial applications. This mainly comes from the specificity of
requirements and constraints that concern the geometrical integration, the reliability, the
mission profiles (including four-quadrant operation with numerous and rapid changes
between quadrants) and the certifiability and development assurance level (DAL). The
EMA control design itself is driven by these considerations.
Although commercially off-the-shelf drives for industrial applications include effi-
cient self-tuning features [2], each aerospace actuation project requires a specific activity
for control design, which must suit the application constraints and development timing
in a systems-engineering (SE) frame [3]. There are potentially many candidate types
of controllers that today offer extended possibilities: for example, R-S-T digital poly-
nomial controllers (combining parallel R, series S and feedforward T corrections), state
Aerospace 2022, 9, 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9060314 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/aerospace