Organic Solar Cells Based on Evaporated Planar and Bulk Heterojunctions of a PPV-
pentamer and C
60
W. Geens
1
, T. Aernouts
1
, J. Poortmans
1
and G. Hadziioannou
2
1
IMEC vzw, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
2
Department of Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science Centre, University of Groningen,
Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
ABSTRACT
The technique of vacuum evaporation has been applied to deposit organic photovoltaic
active layers. The five-ring PPV-type oligomer 2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-bis((4’,4”-
bisstyryl)styrylbenzene) (MEH-OPV5) and C
60
act as respectively donor and acceptor materials
in planar heterojunction (MEH-OPV5/C
60
) and bulk heterojunction (MEH-OPV5:C
60
) devices.
These devices were fabricated with ITO/PEDOT:PSS bottom electrodes and Al top contacts.
The performance of both solar cell configurations has been compared. It was found that under
AM1.5 illumination the MEH-OPV5/C
60
cells exhibit a higher open-circuit voltage (~ 1.00 V)
than the MEH-OPV5:C
60
devices (~ 0.92 V). On the other hand, the limited exciton diffusion
length in these materials was reflected in the lower short-circuit current density of the planar
heterojunction cells as compared to the bulk heterojunction structures. Overall AM1.5 power
conversion efficiencies reaching 2 % are reported. Also the influence of the organic layer
thickness and the substrate temperature during deposition on the device performance has been
addressed. Thick organic films generally induce a high series resistance that limits both the
short-circuit current density and the fill factor. An elevated substrate temperature during
deposition of the MEH-OPV5:C
60
layers onto ITO/PEDOT:PSS led to the formation of nucleated
islands of 100 – 150 nm diameter with holes in between. As a result, no reliable photovoltaic
devices could be realized with such organic films. AFM analysis and spectral response
measurements supported these findings.
INTRODUCTION
The recent progress in the field of spin-cast organic bulk heterojunction solar cells has
resulted in devices with reproducible AM1.5 power conversion efficiencies between 2 % and
3 % [1, 2]. With respect to the up-scalability of the fabrication process of these cells, a lot of
work still needs to be done. However, promising results using more industrial techniques such
as doctor-blade [3] and screen-printing [4] have already been reported. Simultaneously,
considerable efforts have focused on the understanding of the working principle of this type of
photovoltaic cells. For example, the origin of the open-circuit voltage of spin-cast
polymer/fullerene solar cells has been unraveled [5]. Furthermore, temperature dependent
analysis of the photovoltaic parameters of such devices pointed out the relation between the
mobility of the charge carriers in the donor-acceptor network and the final short-circuit current
[6]. The importance of the mobility issue in single as well as in blended layers is also addressed
Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 708 © 2002 Materials Research Society
BB9.3.1