© 2013 ASHRAE
ABSTRACT
Sealed (also called unvented) attics are insulated at the roof deck while the ceiling plane is uninsulated. Sealed attics are
usually not directly conditioned, but instead the conditions float between indoor and outdoor temperature conditions.The moisture
performance of sealed attics has been investigated using a whole house hygrothermal simulation model to understand the risks
for high moisture content in the roof sheathing and for high humidity in the attic. The results have also been validated against
field test data. The analyzed shingled roof decks have been insulated either with open-cell spray foam or air-permeable insulation
(fibrous insulation). The concept of the air-permeable insulation to perform as the condensation-control layer is analyzed.
A parametric study was carried out varying attic air leakage both to the indoors and outdoors, water leakage to roof sheathing,
vapor permeance of the insulation, as well as the indoor air-moisture loads and exterior climate. The results show that the sealed
attic can experience elevated humidity at warm temperatures which can create favorable conditions for mold growth unless the
attic is intentionally conditioned or via duct air leaks. The vapor permeance of the insulation layers (and if a vapor-retarding
coating is present) was a key factor that controlled the moisture content of the roof sheathing together with the overall airtightness.
The air impermeable but vapor permeable insulation was not sufficient alone to prevent condensation in the roof deck.
INTRODUCTION
Conventional attic construction involves providing insu-
lation on the floor of the attic and ventilation of the attic space
(vented attic) from the outside. When an air-distribution
system is installed in the vented attic, any duct or air-handler
leakage creates an energy penalty in addition to conduction
and radiation losses. An alternative to conventional vented
attics is an unvented attic (UVA) (also known as a sealed attic).
Insulating the attic roof deck and blocking ventilation of the
attic space to the outside moves the thermal boundary to the
sheathing roof line. The air-distribution system is now located
within a semiconditioned space, which one would expect
increases its overall efficiency, durability, and maintainability.
The sealed attic can be built as an UVA with insulation in direct
contact with the roof deck or with a ventilated roof deck with
an airtight interior layer in the attic side of the ventilation gap.
The ventilated roof deck is not common in UVAs, but is an
option for a cathedral ceiling. The cathedral ceiling is an over-
conditioned living space, whereas the sealed attic is only indi-
rectly conditioned (no ventilation or intentionally heating/
cooling supplied to the attic).
The conventional vented attics and the sealed attics both
have clearly defined pros and cons.
A house with a vented attic typically has lower conduc-
tion heat loss and heat gain through the ceiling due to thicker
insulation deployed on less heat transfer area than a house with
an UVA approach, but the HVAC systems in the attic can cause
an energy penalty. In a house with an UVA the HVAC system
in the attic is inside the thermal boundary. The typical
construction practice to build UVAs deploys spray foam
sprayed directly under the roof sheathing. The UVA has its
thermal boundary at the roof deck, whereas the vented attic has
the thermal boundary at the ceiling level. The application to
install the insulation in direct contact with the roof deck (UVA)
results in a higher temperature gradient across the insulation
Moisture Performance of Sealed Attics in
Climate Zones 1 to 4
Mikael Salonvaara Achilles Karagiozis, PhD Andre Desjarlais
Member ASHRAE
Mikael Salonvaara is a research associate at Owens Corning, Jefferson, GA. Achilles Karagiozis is Global Building Science Director at Owens
Corning, Granville, OH. Andre Desjarlais is group leader of the Building Envelope Group,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,TN.