DOI: 10.3303/CET2187014
Paper Received: 29 September 2020; Revised: 27 January 2021; Accepted: 10 May 2021
Please cite this article as: Farooq U., Di Mattia C., Faieta M., Sacchetti G., Pittia P., 2021, Oil-in-water Pickering Emulsions Stabilized with
Starch Particles and Formulated with Olive Oil: Colloidal Properties and Stability as Affected by Olive Oil Phenolic Content, Chemical
Engineering Transactions, 87, 79-84 DOI:10.3303/CET2187014
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS
VOL. 87, 2021
A publication of
The Italian Association
of Chemical Engineering
Online at www.cetjournal.it
Guest Editors: Laura Piazza, Mauro Moresi, Francesco Donsì
Copyright © 2021, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.
ISBN 978-88-95608-85-3; ISSN 2283-9216
Oil-in-water Pickering Emulsions Stabilized with Starch
Particles and Formulated with Olive Oil: Colloidal Properties
and Stability as Affected by Olive Oil Phenolic Content
Umer Farooq*, Carla Di Mattia, Marco Faieta, Giampiero Sacchetti, Paola Pittia
Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Teramo Campus Coste S.
Agostino, Teramo, Italy
ufarooq@unite.it
In the last years, research has focused on the technological properties of olive oil polyphenols which have
been proven to exert surface activity and emulsifying capacity in both model and real emulsified food matrices;
however, to date, the effect of olive oil polyphenols in Pickering emulsions has not been explored yet. Aim of
the work was to study the colloidal properties and physical stability of oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions
made with esterified corn starch particles as emulsifiers and olive oil characterized by different polyphenols
content (low, medium and high). Emulsions (30 % v/v oil) were obtained by using high pressure (HPH)
homogenization (55 bar, 5 min). Colloidal properties (droplet size and distribution), stability (e.g. creaming
index), rheological properties (flow curves and frequency sweep test), and microstructure of the emulsions
were evaluated.
Starch particles and HPH allowed the formation of finely dispersed emulsions with droplet sizes with a median
d3,2
of 13±2 μm. Olive oil polyphenols affected significantly the colloidal properties of the emulsions as olive
oils with higher polyphenols content showed narrower droplets distribution. All emulsions showed a non-
Newtonian shear thinning behavior; moreover, samples with higher polyphenols content showed lower
apparent viscosity. The Creaming Index (CI) indicated a good physical stability for all the systems with no
phase separation over 30 days of storage, while emulsions made with oil with higher polyphenols content
showed a lower CI confirming a positive effect of the bioactive in the stabilization of o/w emulsions. The
results of this study highlight the feasibility of the preparation of O/W Pickering emulsions made of olive oils
and the positive role of polyphenols on their colloidal and physical properties.
1. Introduction
Thanks to their role in developing lipid-containing matrices and in providing desirable appearance and
mouthfeel properties, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are amongst the structural entities in a wide range of food
and non-food (e.g. pharmaceutical and cosmetic) products. Due to their physical and thermodynamic
properties the development of emulsified systems requires the understanding of the mechanisms of
stabilization of the dispersed state and those causing their degradation. In the last decade studies focused on
the stabilization mechanism of oil/water interface by solid particles (Pickering emulsions) which adsorb onto
the interfacial layer with high absorption energy and act as physical barrier, thereby a higher stability could be
achieved as compared to the traditional O/W emulsions, stabilized by surfactant and biopolymers (Yang et al.,
2017). Moreover, in traditional emulsions the use of low molecular weight surfactants poses the treat of
toxicity, poor bioavailability, foaming and biological interactions with other compounds (Berton-Carabin &
Schroën, 2015) while Pickering emulsions are obtained by surface-active natural biopolymers that make these
systems more acceptable in the food and pharmaceutical industry (Dickinson, 2012).
Recent researchers focused on the use of starch as a potential natural emulsifier in Pickering emulsions
thanks to its non-toxicity (Ge et al., 2017), the high availability in nature (Li et al., 2019), low cost and high
bioavailability (McClements & Gumus, 2016). However, native starches are not good emulsifiers and, thus,
they are modified by different procedures such as dry heating or chemical modification by esterification, being
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