American Journal of Educational Research, 2018, Vol. 6, No. 12, 1710-1714
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/education/6/12/18
©Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/education-6-12-18
Consensual Cooperative-Learning: A New Method to
Harmonize the Learning of Complex Knowledge
M.Dahmani Fathallah
1,2.*
, Sayed H. Rajab
2
, Hashem A. Al Musawi
2
, Aisha Al Foderi
2
, Farah Al Qabandi
2
,
Fatma Al Saad
2
, Haya Al Kanderi
2
, Mashail Al Obaid
2
, Samar Al Abyoki
2
, Fuad Al Habeeb
2
, Fuad Al Hassan
2
,
Hameeda Al Maalki
2
, Hessa Al Noaimi
2
, Maha Al Shaalan
2
, Mohammed Al Mannai
2
, Suha Abdullah
2
1
Department of Life Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University
2
Department of Innovation & Technology Management, PhD in Innovation Management Program,
College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University
*Corresponding author: d.fathallah@agu.edu.bh
Received November 11, 2018; Revised December 18, 2018; Accepted December 28, 2018
Abstract A harmonized learning outcome is eagerly needed when it comes to teaching complex knowledge,
particularly concepts that can be contingent on different perceptions and understanding. No teaching method is
currently available, however, about achieving a harmonized learning outcome of puzzling knowledge. To fill this
educational gap, we developed an incrementally innovative learning-centered method; the consensual cooperative-
learning method (CCL) and tested it on a group of executives enrolled in an innovation management PhD program.
This paper describes the CCL method and highlights the potential of combining and building upon self-learning
methods in achieving harmonized acquisition of sophisticated knowledge.
Keywords: learning method, self-learning, cooperative learning, complex knowledge, consensual learning
Cite This Article: M.Dahmani Fathallah, Sayed H. Rajab, Hashem A. Al Musawi, Aisha Al Foderi, Farah Al
Qabandi, Fatma Al Saad, Haya Al Kanderi, Mashail Al Obaid, Samar Al Abyoki, Fuad Al Habeeb, Fuad Al
Hassan, Hameeda Al Maalki, Hessa Al Noaimi, Maha Al Shaalan, Mohammed Al Mannai, and Suha Abdullah,
“Consensual Cooperative-Learning: A New Method to Harmonize the Learning of Complex Knowledge.”
American Journal of Educational Research, vol. 6, no. 12 (2018): 1710-1714. doi: 10.12691/education-6-12-18.
1. Introduction
The process by which humans learn and assimilate new
knowledge is still largely unknown despite global and
continuous efforts to unriddle it [1]. Nevertheless, the
educational field is going through major changes as new
learning paradigms are making their way into educational
institutions [2,3] as well as non-educational institutions
where the assimilation and use of new knowledge and
concepts are crucial to sustain their activities.
Meanwhile, with the accumulation and deepening of
knowledge and the sophistication of human organizations,
issues that used to be compartmented became tightly
linked and interdependent and thus more and more
complex. As a consequence, the learning process becomes
knotty when it comes to learning complex issues and
particularly when the outcome of the learning process
needs to be consensual and harmonized among the
learners instead of being a polymorphic personal
perception. Indeed, through the learning experience, the
thinking, feeling and perception very often vary between
individuals. Therefore, it is crucial that the learning
method provides a common or harmonized learning
outcome in terms of understanding and perception
particularly when it comes to grasp complex issues.
Common understanding of complex issues is of
paramount importance for the academic spreading of this
knowledge and/or to achieve specific management and
business objectives. Nevertheless, any learning method
that emphasizes harmonized learning outcomes should
take into consideration the individual aspect of perception
and should focus on the consensual aspect of the learning
experience. To fulfill such an educational requirement,
the self-directed learning and cooperative learning
methods seem to be the most adapted. However, some
modifications need to be made to introduce the consensual
aspect in achieving common perception and understanding
of complex issues.
As the long-lived method of stuffing or cramming of
information in the minds turned out to be obsolete, the
new learning paradigms are ultimately leading to learn
how to learn. Therefore, self-learning which enables
individuals or groups of people to obtain information and
human knowledge on their own is becoming one of the
most important methods for learning [4]. Indeed, driven
by their own desire to learn, individuals will use the
learning skills effectively, enabling them to learn at all
times and helping them to develop their skills, abilities to
suit their needs, interests and tendencies which are related
to the cognitive and emotional aspects of it. Self-learning
does not necessarily exclude teachers but does not depend
on them as the only source of information or knowledge.
There are multiple sources and varieties of self-learning
[5,6] which can be envisaged individually or within a