https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317753586
Qualitative Health Research
1–8
© The Author(s) 2018
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DOI: 10.1177/1049732317753586
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Research Article
The overarching aim of qualitative research, a form of
social inquiry, is to gain an understanding of certain
social phenomena (Mays & Pope, 1995). According to
Denzin and Lincoln (2004), qualitative research involves
the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical
materials, such as the case study, description of personal
experiences, life stories, interviews, observational, his-
torical, interactional, and visual texts, all to describe
moments and meanings in individuals’ lives. The data
derived from these various materials require a form of
analysis of the content, more commonly an analysis of
the text. Content analysis is one of the numerous research
methods to analyze text data, with other methods includ-
ing grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, and
historical research (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005). Research
that utilizes content analysis focuses on written or spoken
language as communication with emphasis on the context
of the text and/or the actual content and structure. As
explained by Weber (1990), content analysis extends
beyond the mere counting of words. This method seeks to
provide knowledge and understanding of the phenomena
under study through systematic method of coding and
classifying text to reveal patterns and themes.
Qualitative research often involves the collection of
data through extensive interviews, note taking, tape
recording, and the use of field notes that capture the
researcher’s observations of the phenomena under study.
Data analysis requires the researcher/s to review notes
and begin to code data for categorization. Although soft-
ware is available to assist with the coding process (e.g.,
ATLAS.ti), qualitative data analysis requires close read-
ing of text, reflecting on data and writing down interpre-
tations, and sequential text interpretations as examples
(Hsieh & Shannon, 2005). The software programs that
are available do not analyze the data per se, but rather
make the data more manageable and easier to handle.
These methods are often time- and labor-intensive as data
are analyzed step by step, following very specific rules of
procedure to assure trustworthiness of the study’s meth-
ods and findings (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). The entire pro-
cess of managing and analyzing qualitative data, if done
properly, is both systematic and rigorous (Pope, Ziebland,
& Mays, 1999). With the advances in computerized text
analysis software, the practice of combining methods to
analyze qualitative data can assist the researcher in
making large data sets more manageable and enhance the
trustworthiness of the results.
753586QHR XX X 10.1177/1049732317753586Qualitative Health ResearchRenz et al.
research-article 2018
1
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
2
The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Corresponding Author:
Susan M. Renz, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd.,
Room 344, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Email: srenz@nursing.upenn.edu
Two Strategies for Qualitative
Content Analysis: An Intramethod
Approach to Triangulation
Susan M. Renz
1
, Jane M. Carrington
2
, and Terry A. Badger
2
Abstract
The overarching aim of qualitative research is to gain an understanding of certain social phenomena. Qualitative
research involves the studied use and collection of empirical materials, all to describe moments and meanings in
individuals’ lives. Data derived from these various materials require a form of analysis of the content, focusing on
written or spoken language as communication, to provide context and understanding of the message. Qualitative
research often involves the collection of data through extensive interviews, note taking, and tape recording. These
methods are time- and labor-intensive. With the advances in computerized text analysis software, the practice of
combining methods to analyze qualitative data can assist the researcher in making large data sets more manageable
and enhance the trustworthiness of the results. This article will describe a novel process of combining two methods
of qualitative data analysis, or Intramethod triangulation, as a means to provide a deeper analysis of text.
Keywords
technology; use in research; methodology; qualitative; United States of America; North America; North Americans;
triangulation; research design