A corrosion study of light metal cylinder head material in chloride containing engine coolant
environment
Anusha Chilukuri, Gaurav Argade, Justin Perry, Corey Trobaugh, Randy Schafer, Erica Raisor,
Jacob Steenhoek, Glenia Pena Lugo.
Materials Science & Technology, Cummins Inc.
Columbus, IN USA
Key words: Cast aluminum; Potentiodynamic polarization; Corrosion inhibition; Electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy
Abstract
Room temperature corrosion behavior of cast aluminum-silicon alloy in engine coolant containing
proprietary inhibitors in the presence of varying chloride concentrations was investigated.
Potentiodynamic polarization curves with chloride contaminated inhibited coolant solutions showed
an increase in anodic kinetics with chloride additions from 1000 ppm. A large passive range (with no
breakdown till ~ 1 V vs open circuit potential) was observed for chloride concentrations up to 500 ppm
suggesting effective inhibition. The pitting potential decreased with an increased in chloride
concentration from 1000 ppm to 2000 ppm. Potentiostatic studies at 0.0V vs Ag/AgCl also showed
that 1000 ppm is the threshold limit for chloride contamination with an order of magnitude increase in
current after three hours of exposure. SEM analysis on the potentiostatic coupons tested in 2000 ppm
chloride showed localized pitting and trenching around the silicon particles and intermetallics.
1. Introduction
Al-Si-Cu casting alloys have gained popularity in the automotive industry for their many advantageous
properties such as high strength to weight ratio, high thermal conductivity, excellent formability,
availability, low cost and most importantly, relatively good corrosion resistance when compared to the
traditional cast iron engine head and block materials [1-3]. This has made cast Al alloys a preferred
choice and this has allowed increased fuel efficiency and reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases
[1-3]. Corrosion is a major problem in the engine coolant systems and therefore engine coolants contain
several additive packages to combat corrosion. Coolants either have an Organic Acid Technology
(OAT) additive package that includes organic acid inhibitors such as sebacic acid, hexanoic acids, etc.
or a conventional inorganic inhibitor package that includes borates, silicates, molybdates, phosphates,
nitrites, etc. or a combination of both [4]. Hudgens [5] has compared the effect of conventional
inorganic additives to the effect of OAT additives on aluminum 319 alloy and concluded that hybrid
coolants (organic/ inorganic additive mix) offer a superior combination of life, extended service
intervals, and system protection compared to the conventional coolants. Yang et.al. [6] have done
extensive electrochemical testing of aluminum alloys (AA 3003 and AA319) in different commercial
coolants. Zheludkevich et.al. [7] also used electrochemical techniques to understand the inhibition
efficiency of thiazole and triazole additives on AA 2024 alloy. They concluded that these inhibitors
showed mixed inhibition by film formation over the intermetallics, thereby retarding both the anodic
dissolution and cathodic reduction reactions.
There is a gap in the literature in identifying the effectiveness of coolant corrosion inhibition upon its
degradation with time and ingress of contaminants while in use. The effective use of electrochemical
techniques to aid the identification of threshold limits of several contaminants, most importantly
chloride levels, will help the development of the next generation of extended life coolant technologies
1255
Contributed Papers from Materials Science and Technology 2019 (MS&T19)
September 29–October 3, 2019, Oregon Convention Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
DOI 10.7449/2019/MST_2019_1255_1259
Copyright © 2019 MS&T19®