International Journal of Medical, Pharmacy and Drug Research (IJMPD) DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijmpd.8.2 Peer-Reviewed Journal Int. J. Med. Phar. Drug Re., 8(2), 2024 ISSN: 2456-8015 Int. J. Med. Phar. Drug Re., 8(2), 2024 Online Available at: https://www.aipublications.com/ijmpd/ 61 Cancer: A review Harsimran Singh*, Rajesh Kumar, Ajeet Pal Singh, Meenakshi Malhotra, Ritu Rani & Amar Pal Singh Department of Pharmacy, St. Soldier Institute Of Pharmacy, Lidhran Campus, Behind Nit(R.E.C), Jalandhar-Amritsar Bypass, Nh-1, Jalandhar-144011, Punjab, India *Corresponding Author Received: 03 Apr 2024; Received in revised form: 05 May 2024; Accepted: 15 May 2024; Available online: 21 May 2024 ©2024 The Author(s). Published by This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Abstract— Cancer remains one of the most formidable challenges in modern medicine, posing significant health burdens globally. In recent years, extensive research efforts have aimed at understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying cancer development, progression, and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in cancer research across various domains. The elucidation of genetic and molecular alterations driving oncogenesis has revolutionized our understanding of cancer biology. Key discoveries in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have unveiled the heterogeneous nature of tumors, paving the way for personalized treatment approaches. Moreover, advancements in high-throughput sequencing technologies have facilitated the identification of novel cancer biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a critical determinant of cancer progression and therapy response. Research focusing on the dynamic interactions between cancer cells, immune cells, and stromal components within the TME has led to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, which have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in various cancer types. In addition to targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the advent of precision medicine has transformed cancer treatment paradigms. Molecular profiling of tumors enables clinicians to match patients with specific targeted therapies, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in cancer research has facilitated the prediction of treatment responses and identification of novel therapeutic targets. Keywords— Oncogenesis, Immunotherapy, Precision Medicine, Tumor Microenvironment (TME), Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Research I. INTRODUCTION Cancer, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation, stands as one of the most daunting health challenges of our time, exacting a heavy toll on individuals and societies worldwide. Its multifaceted nature, encompassing a diverse array of diseases with distinct etiologies, manifestations, and treatment responses, underscores the complexity inherent in combating this pervasive malady. Throughout history, cancer has been documented in ancient texts, with descriptions dating back to ancient Egypt and Greece. However, it wasn't until the advent of modern science that significant strides were made in unraveling the intricacies of cancer biology. The seminal work of pioneers such as Rudolf Virchow, who proposed the concept of cellular pathology in the 19th century, laid the foundation for understanding cancer as a disease of aberrant cellular behavior[1].