Research Article
Conditions to Prolonged Release of
Microencapsulated Carvacrol on Alginate Films as
Affected by Emulsifier Type and PH
Silvia Matiacevich,
1
Natalia Riquelme,
1
and María Lidia Herrera
2
1
Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog´ıa de los Alimentos, Facultad Tecnol´ ogica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile,
Obispo Uma˜ na 050, Estaci´ on Central, 9170201 Santiago, Chile
2
Instituto de Tecnolog´ıa en Pol´ımeros y Nanotecnolog´ıa ITPN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ingenier´ıa,
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida Las Heras 2214, Ciudad Aut´ onoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Correspondence should be addressed to Silvia Matiacevich; silvia.matiacevich@usach.cl
Received 23 July 2015; Revised 13 October 2015; Accepted 20 October 2015
Academic Editor: Dilip Depan
Copyright © 2015 Silvia Matiacevich et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Alginate from algal biomass is used as edible film and the incorporation of antimicrobial agents improves its performance to
increase the shelf-life of fresh foods. However, environmental conditions and intrinsic properties of films influence their release.
e aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the concentration and type of encapsulating agent and pH of emulsions on the
physical and antimicrobial properties of alginate-carvacrol films. Films containing alginate, carvacrol as antimicrobial agent, and
Tween 20 or trehalose (0.25 and 0.75%w/w) as encapsulating agents were obtained from suspensions at pH 4 and pH 8. Physical
characterization of emulsions and films and antimicrobial properties (E. coli and B. cinerea) was evaluated. Results showed that
droplets size depended on trehalose concentration, but emulsion stability depended on pH and type of encapsulating agent, being
more stable samples with trehalose at pH 4. Although films with Tween 20 presented the highest opacity, they showed the best
antimicrobial properties at initial time; however, during storage time, they lost their activity before samples with trehalose and
relative humidity (RH) was the principal factor to influence their release. erefore, sample formulated with 0.25% trehalose at pH
4 and stored at 75% RH had the best potential as edible film for fresh fruits.
1. Introduction
Edible films and coatings can be considered an additional
stress factor for preserving food products, assuring its quality
as well as an increased shelf-life. e use of edible films is
gaining importance in the protection and preservation of
fresh food, as they have the ability to contain antimicrobial
active ingredients and compounds that can prolong their
shelf-life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth on its
surface [1–6]. Films and coatings can support antimicrobials
agents, but matrix structure stability, concentration of the
product on the surface, and gradual release into food are all
important characteristics for its functionality; therefore it is
important to take into account these characteristics in the use
of films or coatings [2].
In development of active edible films and coatings with
antimicrobial properties, addition of essential oils (EOs) from
herbs and spices has been extensively used as antimicrobial
agents. In this sense, Rojas-Gra¨ u et al. [7, 8] evaluated
the antimicrobial activities against E. coli O157:H7 of sev-
eral EOs (oregano, cinnamon, and lemongrass) and active
oil compounds (OCs), such as carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde,
and citral, incorporated on alginate-apple puree edible film
in concentrations lower than 0.5%w/w. In those systems,
carvacrol exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity as
measured by the film disk agar diffusion assay as a qual-
itative test for antimicrobial activity of the films. Besides,
optimal antimicrobial effects were observed using carvacrol
concentration of 1.0% w/w added to the initial apple [9]
and tomato [10] films preparation against E. coli O157:H7.
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Polymer Science
Volume 2015, Article ID 173193, 12 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/173193