AUTHOR COPY Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments 5 (2013) 479–502 479 DOI 10.3233/AIS-130220 IOS Press COMMODITY 12 : A smart e-health environment for diabetes management Özgür Kafalı a,* , Stefano Bromuri b , Michal Sindlar c , Tom van der Weide c , Eduardo Aguilar Pelaez d , Ulrich Schaechtle a , Bruno Alves b , Damien Zufferey b , Esther Rodriguez-Villegas d , Michael Ignaz Schumacher b and Kostas Stathis a a Department of Computer Science, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK E-mail: {ozgur.kafali,ulrich.schaechtle,kostas.stathis}@cs.rhul.ac.uk b Department of Business Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, 3 Technopole, 3960, Sierre, Switzerland E-mail: {stefano.bromuri,bruno.alves,damien.zufferey,michael.schumacher}@hevs.ch c Portavita B.V., Oostenburgervoorstraat 100, PO Box 1287, 1000 BG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands E-mail: {m.sindlar,t.van.der.weide}@portavita.eu d Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2BT, UK E-mail: {eduardo.aguilar-pelaez02,e.rodriguez}@imperial.ac.uk Abstract. We present the development of COMMODITY12, a Personal Health System (PHS) to assist in the provision of continuous and personalised health services to diabetic patients, thus empowering their lifestyle regardless of their location. COMMODITY12 consists of ambient, wearable and portable devices, which acquire, monitor and communicate physiological parameters and other health-related context of an individual, such as physical activity and vital body signals. This data is in- terpreted by intelligent agents that use expert biomedical knowledge to derive important insights about the individual’s health status, which are then presented in the form of active feedback to the patient directly from the device, or via health professionals who assist in diagnosis, treatment and life management. The emphasis of the work is on the design of the PHS in terms of its main components, their integration and deployment to address major problems of interest to both diabetic patients and doctors that treat diabetes. Keywords: Personal health systems, agent technology, diabetes management, interoperability 1. Introduction Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood- sugar, either due to the pancreas failing to produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to in- sulin as expected [2]. Diabetes manifests itself in three types: – Type 1, also referred to as insulin-dependent di- abetes, is characterised by the loss of insulin- * Corresponding author. E-mail: ozgur.kafali@rhul.ac.uk. producing cells in the pancreas which leads to in- sulin deficiency. It affects 10% of the diabetics in Europe and the US. It can affect both adults and children. – Type 2, also known as non-insulin-dependent dia- betes, is caused by insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly. Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors, such as obesity, diet, and sedentary lifestyle, and to a certain extent occurs as a result of genetics. It is the most common type of diabetes, affecting 90% to 95% of diabetics. 1876-1364/13/$27.50 © 2013 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved