• 584 • Chin J Integr Med 2018 Aug;24(8):584-590 In the most recent review of national studies of traditional, alternative and complementary medicine provider (TCAM) use in the past 12 months, Harris, et al (1) found from national surveys in 9 countries a 12-month TCAM provider use of averaged 21.1%, ranging from 5.8% to 48.7%, e.g., in Australia 44.1% in 2005, in the UK 12.1% in 2005 and in the USA 16.2% in 2007. (1) In a more recent study in Norway TCAM provider use was 9.8% in 2012. (2) Some non- specific national surveys (not specific TCAM surveys) found a 12-month TCAM provider use of, e.g., in the Philippines 6.3%, Cambodia 5.4%, Vietnam 3.5%, Thailand 2.6%, Indonesia 2.0% (3) and South Africa (0.1%). (4) In more recent national population surveys on overall TCAM use (including TCAM provider use, over-the-counter use and self-help) found a 12-month TCAM use estimate of 29.9% in 2015 in Lebanon, (5) 33.2% in 2012 in USA, (6) 25.0% in 2012 in Switzerland, (7) and in a review of 11 studies in Republic of Korea the prevalence of TCAM use ranged from 29% to 83%. (8) Determinants of TCAM use or TCAM provider use have been broadly defined as sociodemographic and health related factors. (9) Sociodemographic factors include female gender, (7,9) middle age, (5,7,9,10) higher education, (7,9,11) lower education, (2,11) higher income, (4,12) urban residence, (13) rural residence, (11) needing health care but not receiving it. (5,10) Health related factors include more than one health condition, (9) having a chronic disease, (5,7,14,15) inconsistent results on poor physical health, (7,9) inconsistent associations with poor psychological health, (9) poor mental health, (14) and positive attitudes toward TCAM. (16) There is a lack of data on the TCAM provider use from large multi- country studies using uniform assessment measures. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of TCAM provider use and sociodemographic and health related correlates in ©The Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 1. Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom (73170), Thailand; 2. Department of Research and Innovation, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Sovenga (0727), South Africa; 3. HIV/AIDS/STIs and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria (0001), South Africa Correspondence to: Prof. Karl Peltzer, E-mail: karl.pel@ mahidol.ac.th DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-016-2748-y ABSTRACT Objective : To estimate recent prevalence data (2011–2013) on traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) provider use and sociodemographic and health related correlates in nationally representative population samples from 32 countries from all world regions. Methods : This secondary analysis was based on the International Social Survey Program (ISSP), 2011–2013, Health and Health Care Module. In a cross-sectional population-based survey (N=52,801), simple or multi-stage stratified random sampling was used, resulting in representative samples of the adult population of respective countries. Results : Overall, the 12-month TCAM provider use prevalence was 26.4%, ranging from under 10% in Bulgaria, Poland and Slovenia to over 50% in China mainland, the Philippines and Republic of Korea. Over 80% TCAM treatment satisfaction was found in Europe in Denmark, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland, in Asia in Taiwan (China) and USA. Multivariate logistic regression found sociodemographic variables (middle age, female sex, lower educational status, not having a religious affiliation, and lower economic indicators) and health variables (perceived poor or fair health status, being unhappy and depressed, having a chronic condition or disability, and having positive attitudes towards TCAM) were associated with TCAM provider use. C onclusions : A high prevalence TCAM provider use was found in all world regions and several sociodemographic and health related factors of its use were identified. KEYWORDS utilization, traditional, complementary medicine, Africa, Asia, America, Australia, Europe Original Article Prevalence and Determinants of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Provider Use among Adults from 32 Countries Available online at link.springer.com/journal/11655 Journal homepage: www.cjim.cn/zxyjhen/zxyjhen/ch/index.aspx E-mail: cjim_en@cjim.cn hinese Journal of Integrative Medicine C Karl Peltzer 1,2,3 and Supa Pengpid 1,2